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In an age of terrorism and securitized immigration, dual citizenship is of central theoretical and political concern. The contributors to this timely volume examine policies regarding dual citizenship across Europe, covering a wide spectrum of countries. The case studies explore the negotiated character and boundaries of political membership and the fundamental beliefs and arguments within distinct political cultures and institutional settings which have shaped debates and policies on citizenship. The analyses explore the similarities and differences in the politics of dual citizenship, to identify the dominant terms of public debates within and across selected immigration and emigration states in Europe. The research demonstrates that policies on dual citizenship are not simply explained by different concepts of nationhood. Instead, concepts of societal integration, which may well be contested in a given polity, are extremely influential.

Kin Majorities explores why communities like Crimea and Moldova engage with dual citizenship and how this intersects, or not, with identity. Analyzing data collected from Crimea and Moldova in 2012 and 2013, just before Russia's annexation of Crimea, Eleanor Knott provides a crucial window into Russian identification in a time of calm.

While the concept of citizenship has received considerable scholarly attention in recent years, few studies focus on the increasingly prevalent reality of dual citizenship, or full membership — with its respective rights, privileges, and obligations — in two different countries. The main objective of this article is to conceptualize, measure, and classify variation in dual citizenship in the countries of the European Union. I start by recounting the historical opposition to dual citizenship and by describing its emergence in recent decades. I then develop a \"Citizenship Policy Index\" that accounts for some of the intricacies associated with citizenship policies in general and dual citizenship policies in particular. I go on to apply these measures to the fifteen \"older\" EU countries in both the 1980s and the contemporary period — thus allowing for an analysis of the changes that have taken place over the past two decades — while also briefly examining the current policies of the ten new EU members. Overall, the findings point to surprisingly resilient national differences that stand out in contrast to the EU's institutional \"harmonization\" in so many other areas.

Since the mid-1970s, when it became clear that some three million of the eleven million foreigners recruited to work in Germany from 1955 to 1973 would not be returning home as expected, German democracy has faced a difficult problem. What would (and should) be the political status of long-term alien residents living in a democratic society that did not consider itself an immigration land? Although it was evident to some that a major consequence of postwar guestworker policy was the creation of a difficult-to-resolve political question, the contention seemed arguable in the mid-1970s. It no longer is so today. The convening of this conference on dual nationality offered incontrovertible evidence of the long-term significance of the political dilemma to German democracy posed by guestworker recruitment.

On 5 January 2009, Ahmed Aboutaleb was installed as mayor of Rotterdam - the first mayor of the Netherlands with dual Dutch-Moroccan nationality, and also the first Muslim mayor of a large West-European city. His appointment was controversial. Rotterdam is not only the city that has the largest proportion of immigrants of any Dutch city; it is also the place where Pim Fortuyn gained firm support for his populist right-wing party, Livable Rotterdam (cf. Burke 2009). At present, seven years after Fortuyn was murdered, Livable Rotterdam is the second largest party in the city council. When Aboutaleb was appointed as a mayor, the leader of Livable Rotterdam said this was unacceptable for his party. Aboutaleb's two passports were seen as a sign of dual loyalty. After Aboutaleb's installation, Livable Rotterdam therefore gave the new mayor a stamped envelope addressed to the king of Morocco, so he could send his Moroccan passport back to where it belonged.

On the premise that representative government cannot properly function without the political participation of a large active segment of its constituents represented by permanent immigrants without citizenship, this article: 1) reviews some attempts to resolve such an anomalous situation; 2) suggests naturalization as an instrument to correct it and describes the naturalization rate and the reasons for the low propensity for naturalization in various North European countries; 3) surveys the phenomenon of dual citizenship, the reasons for its increase as well as its inconveniences and advantages; and 4) hypothesizes that future increases in dual citizenship will protect political rights and foster political integration.

The establishment of a Communist regime in several European countries as a result of the Soviet military occupation and political influence shortly before and after the end of World War II (Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, Rumania and Yugoslavia) caused these countries, as a rule, to follow the Soviet pattern or imitate each other in the field of legislation.