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Alfred Nobel : the man behind the Peace Prize
Alfred Nobel was the man who founded the Nobel Prizes. Nobel also invented dynamite, becoming very wealthy from his invention. Saddened by its use for harmful destruction, Nobel left his fortune to create yearly prizes for those who have rendered the greatest services to mankind.
BOOK
THE QUEST FOR QUIETER SEAS
International concern is ramping up fast as evidence grows about problems arising from the din created by military sonar, seismic surveys, oil drilling, dredging and ship engines. [...]there's still a gap in the science. Because noise is so pervasive, it is hard to study the impact as it ramps up. [...]the blast of a seismic air gun used to map the sea floor for oil and gas can be as loud as a rocket launch or an underwater dynamite explosion; ship engines and oil drilling can reach the roar of a rock concert (see A sea of sound'). In 2011, he and others published the idea of hushing the ocean to see what the absence of noise allows. Since quieting the entire ocean is infeasible, even for a day, the idea was adapted to encompass smaller, more manageable tasks.
Journal Article
Why the Western Pacific Subtropical High Has Extended Westward since the Late 1970s
The western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is closely related to Asian climate. Previous examination of changes in the WPSH found a westward extension since the late 1970s, which has contributed to the interdecadal transition of East Asian climate. The reason for the westward extension is unknown, however. The present study suggests that this significant change of WPSH is partly due to the atmosphere’s response to the observed Indian Ocean–western Pacific (IWP) warming. Coordinated by a European Union’s Sixth Framework Programme, Understanding the Dynamics of the Coupled Climate System (DYNAMITE), five AGCMs were forced by identical idealized sea surface temperature patterns representative of the IWP warming and cooling. The results of these numerical experiments suggest that the negative heating in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and increased convective heating in the equatorial Indian Ocean/Maritime Continent associated with IWP warming are in favor of the westward extension of WPSH. The SST changes in IWP influences the Walker circulation, with a subsequent reduction of convections in the tropical central and eastern Pacific, which then forces an ENSO/Gill-type response that modulates the WPSH. The monsoon diabatic heating mechanism proposed by Rodwell and Hoskins plays a secondary reinforcing role in the westward extension of WPSH. The low-level equatorial flank of WPSH is interpreted as a Kelvin response to monsoon condensational heating, while the intensified poleward flow along the western flank of WPSH is in accord with Sverdrup vorticity balance. The IWP warming has led to an expansion of the South Asian high in the upper troposphere, as seen in the reanalysis.
Journal Article
The Modeling and Simulation of Chaff Release at High Speed
Commonly, chaff cartridge release the chaff based on detonating the dynamite or blasting form projectile. In order to improve the scatter effect of chaff, a novel technique of chaff release is proposed, which is be carried by a given carrier revolving around an axis at high speed. And the model of chaff motion in the phase of dispersing rapidly is established on the basis of the analysing the influence of resistance, gravity and viscous force. Simulation instance show that the method based on revolving carrier is efficacious, and some useful revelation can be elicited from the simulation. The research in this paper has great significance for the research and engineering implementation of gun launched chaff jamming projectile.
Journal Article
Dynamical modelling of galaxies with DYNAMITE
The combination of kinematic and chemical information from Galactic stars has revealed in great detail the structure, dynamics and history of our own Galaxy. In external galaxies, it is impossible to map the distribution of individual stars, but high signal-to-noise integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy data at various wavelengths, together with sophisticated dynamical models, give us the opportunity to gather information on the structure, dynamics and formation history of these systems. The Schwarzschild method models galaxies through the superposition of stellar orbits, and is equipped to deal with very detailed kinematic measurements, allowing us to take full advantage of high-quality IFU datasets of nearby galaxies. Here we present an implementation of this method called DYNAMITE. We provide an overview of the modelling technique, introduce applications to observations and simulations, and anticipate our future plans for DYNAMITE.
Journal Article
Effect of membrane properties on the odor emanating from training aids for explosive-detecting canines
Canines are widely used for real-time detection of explosives and have proven to be on par with instrumental methods. Canines are thought to rely largely upon detection of volatile chemical constituents of the explosives, though not necessarily the explosive itself. Hence, it is crucial to understand the odor available to them as generated by training aids. Previous studies have established that the Training Aid Delivery Device (TADD) developed by SciK9 is a reliable training aid that reduces cross-contamination and doubles as a storage device. A TADD comprises a standardized container, a synthetic membrane, a membrane holder, and a lid. In the work presented, activated charcoal strips were placed above and below the TADD membrane to determine the relative amounts of volatiles emitted by dynamite (i.e., ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and trinitroglycerin (NG)). The strips were eluted and the extracts tested using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in negative ion chemical ionization mode. A series of t-tests at 95% confidence level were performed to determine any differences in vapor composition above and below the membranes. Nine synthetic membranes and six glass fiber membranes were tested in this study. It was expected that the relative concentration of volatiles would remain the same on both sides of the membrane; however, selective removal of nitroglycerin by some membranes was observed. Synthetic membranes with larger pore sizes showed no alteration in the vapor composition. Both synthetic and glass fiber membranes did not show a significant change in relative concentration of the other volatile compound in dynamite, i.e., EGDN. Out of all the membranes tested, three synthetic membranes and four glass fiber membranes showed selective alteration in odor availability of nitroglycerin in dynamite. For training purposes, membranes that do not alter the vapor composition should be used in the training aid.
Journal Article
Analysis of landslide susceptibility and potential impacts on infrastructures and settlement areas (a case from the southeastern region of Türkiye)
Landslides have harmful effects not only on buildings but also on infrastructure and the natural environment. While they are typically triggered by natural events, such as heavy rainfalls and earthquakes, landslides can also be induced by anthropogenic activities, such as excavation and blasting. In certain regions, gigantic paleo-landslides exist, but triggering them is extremely difficult. However, triggering secondary landslides in gigantic paleo-landslides is relatively easy compared to the main corpus. The main purpose of this study was to produce a susceptibility map in a region in southeastern Türkiye and to discuss the impact of petroleum seismological investigation concerning the trigger of the landslides. For this purpose, a landslide inventory was compiled using geospatial data sets and field observations and used for landslide susceptibility mapping with the Random Forest algorithm. The accelerations sourced from blasting were also measured and the run-out distances were determined. A run-out distance map was produced using inverse distance weights. The study presents comprehensive insights by integrating a landslide susceptibility map and run-out distance map. It evaluates the impact of blasting on landslides through in-situ measurements and slope stability analyses. Findings indicate that no triggering effect on landslides was observed if the dynamite quantity remains below 4 kg and the blasting distance exceeds 10 m from the landslide.
Journal Article
O-35 Occupational Injuries and Hazard Exposures among Small-Scale Miners in the Philippines
ObjectivesThis study investigated the ergonomic and safety hazards of small-scale miners in one of the largest small-scale mining area in the Philippines which is the area of Itogon, Benguet.MethodsThere were 93 small-scale miners who were included in the study as they complied with the inclusion criteria. The methods consisted of survey questionnaires, health physical examination guide, individual interviews, and work process observation tool.ResultsThe results showed that the small-scale miners worked for an average of 10.7 years, and a maximum work year of 40. The most widely employed mining technique was the dog-hole mining consisting of several sub-processes -tunneling, ball milling and gravity concentration, cyanide leaching, and smelting. The ergonomic and safety hazards identified were noise exposure from the dynamite blast, temperature extremes, and exposure to dust from dynamite blasting. The miners experienced prolonged crouching and bending, prolonged handling of tools, and carrying heavy sacks filled with mineral ores. In the ball milling and gravity concentration process, machine-related accidents were noted such as experiencing cuts from the crusher. In the cyanide leaching which uses massive amounts of cyanide, the most prevalent hazards were heat, dust, and chemicals such as cyanide fumes. In the smelting process, smoke from burning ore and coal as well as exposure to borax and nitric acid fumes. Burn injuries were reported among miners. A third (31.2%) of miners have experienced accidents. The most common injury was laceration at 47.8%, followed by methane inhalation, fracture of hand digits, and contusion at 17.4%.ConclusionThe most prevalent health symptom reported by the miners was muscle pain which points to exposure to ergonomic hazards and risks.
Journal Article
Structure and Power Design of 80 mm Warhead
This paper mainly conducts numerical simulation and analysis of the warhead structure of 80 mm assault ammunition, which needs to realize the effective penetration of 400 mm into the C35 concrete target and carry out the killing of incoming bullets. Before the first level of warhead design: effective penetration level before the warheads main function is to 400 mm C35 concrete goals, to achieve tactical technique index by shaped charge, bar type jet formation, medicine type cover adopt ball is short of cover, material is copper, medicine cover type choose such as wall thickness, and wall thickness of 2.52 mm, dynamite to choose B, using Ls-Dyna software simulation. The results show that the structure design has good jet forming, which can easily penetrate the 400 mm C35 concrete target plate, and the opening diameter is more than 20 mm. Through the hole opening diameter of the front rank warhead, it is finally determined that the diameter of the incoming bullet is 20 mm and the killing force is effective.
Journal Article
Irrawaddy dolphins now a little more protected
Myanmar's iconic and critically endangered Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) may now be a little safer following the creation of a 100-km-long protected area along the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River, established through cooperation between the Wildlife Conservation Society. The newly protected stretch of the river runs from the bankside towns of Male to Shwegu, extending beyond the pre-existing 72-km-long protected area between Mingun and Kyauk Myaung. Within the new zone, the use and size of gillnets have been restricted to prevent the 2.5-m-long, round-headed dolphins, of which there may only be 76 left in the Ayeyarwady, from becoming entangled. Electric and dynamite fishing are entirely prohibited, as are gold mining and damaging sandbanks and riverside vegetation. Regulations are less restrictive along an additional 100-km-long stretch of river beyond Shwegu. This segment provides a buffer zone for the fully protected area.
Journal Article