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"ECONOMIC COMPETITION"
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Darwinian fitness in the global marketplace : analysing the competition
Darwinian fitness in the global marketplace discusses how global business competition is undergoing a dynamic shift consistent with the Darwinian theory of evolution. Globalisation has allowed free entry and exit for firms in the marketplace that has caused congestion of firms at vertical (products- and services-led) and horizontal (geographic) business platforms. Thus, small firms struggle for their existence in the marketplace, while firms that demonstrate strength for survival stay as the fittest among the competing firms. This volume discusses new concepts related to the efficiency and effectiveness of competitive strategies required by firms to survive in the global marketplace. The discussions in this book are built around the competitive frameworks based on systems thinking and delineate insights analysing the extensive survey of literature on the subject. The author provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important topics on competitive strategies and tactics that will interest students and working managers.
Book
COMPETITION AND PRODUCT QUALITY IN THE SUPERMARKET INDUSTRY
This article analyzes the effect of competition on a supermarket firm's incentive to provide product quality. In the supermarket industry, product availability is an important measure of quality. Using U.S. Consumer Price Index microdata to track inventory shortfalls, I find that stores facing more intense competition have fewer shortfalls. Competition from Walmart—the most significant shock to industry market structure in half a century—decreased shortfalls among large chains by about a third. The risk that customers will switch stores appears to provide competitors with a strong incentive to invest in product quality.
Journal Article
National competitiveness and economic growth : the changing determinants of economic performance in the world economy
\"National Competitiveness and Economic Growth will furnish its readers with a better understanding of the interdependencies of many important but seemingly unrelated aspects of modern economies and societies, for example the dynamics of business and technology, and cultural and institutional change. It will appeal to economists, business professionals and policymakers with a special interest in the competitiveness and growth of firms and national economies as well as the long-term development of socio-economic systems.\"--Jacket.
Health Care Market Concentration Trends In The United States: Evidence And Policy Responses
Policy makers and analysts have been voicing concerns about the increasing concentration of health care providers and health insurers in markets nationwide, including the potential adverse effect on the cost and quality of health care. The Council of Economic Advisers recently expressed its concern about the lack of estimates of market concentration in many sectors of the US economy. To address this gap in health care, this study analyzed market concentration trends in the United States from 2010 to 2016 for hospitals, physician organizations, and health insurers. Hospital and physician organization markets became increasingly concentrated over this time period. Concentration among primary care physicians increased the most, partially because hospitals and health care systems acquired primary care physician organizations. In 2016, 90 percent of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) were highly concentrated for hospitals, 65 percent for specialist physicians, 39 percent for primary care physicians, and 57 percent for insurers. Ninety-one percent of the 346 MSAs analyzed may have warranted concern and scrutiny because of their concentration levels in 2016 and changes in their concentrations since 2010. Public policies that enhance competition are needed, such as stricter enforcement of antitrust laws, reducing barriers to entry, and restricting anticompetitive behaviors.
Journal Article
A “Method of Use” to Prevent Generic and Biosimilar Market Entry
A “Method of Use” to Prevent Generic Market EntryA critical pathway that generics and biosimilars manufacturers have used to circumvent patent thickets has been “skinny labeling.” But a recent court ruling has placed this pathway under threat.
Journal Article
Regulatory And Cost Barriers Are Likely To Limit Biosimilar Development And Expected Savings In The Near Future
In March 2010 Congress established an abbreviated Food and Drug Administration approval pathway for biosimilars-drugs that are very similar but not identical to a reference biological product and cost less. Because bringing biosimilars to the market currently requires large investments of money, fewer biosimilars are expected to enter the biologics market than has been the case with generic drugs entering the small-molecule drug market. Additionally, given the high regulatory hurdles to obtaining interchangeability-which would allow pharmacists to substitute a biosimilar for its reference product, subject to evolving state substitution laws-most biosimilars will likely compete as therapeutic alternatives instead of as therapeutic equivalents. In other words, biosimilars will need to compete with their reference product on the basis of quality; price; and manufacturer's reputation with physicians, insurers, and patient groups. Biosimilars also will face dynamic competition from new biologics in the same therapeutic class-including \"biobetters,\" which offer incremental improvements on reference products, such as extended duration of action. The prospects for significant cost savings from the use of biosimilars appear to be limited for the next several years, but their use should increase over time because of both demand- and supply-side factors.
Journal Article
A step ahead : competition policy for shared prosperity and inclusive growth
\"Sustainable economic development has played a major role in the decline of global poverty in the past two decades. There is no doubt that competitive markets are key drivers of economic growth and productivity. They are also valuable channels for consumer welfare. Competition policy is a powerful tool for complementing efforts to alleviate poverty and bring about shared prosperity. An effective competition policy involves measures that enable contestability and firm entry and rivalry, while ensuring the enforcement of antitrust laws and state aid control. Governments from emerging and developing economies are increasingly requesting pragmatic solutions for effective competition policy implementation, as well as recommendations for pro-competitive sectoral policies. [This publication] puts forward a research agenda that advocates the importance of market competition, effective market regulation, and competition policies for achieving inclusive growth and shared prosperity in emerging and developing economies. It is the result of a global partnership and shared commitment between the World Bank Group and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Part I of the book brings together existing empirical evidence on the benefits of competition for household welfare. It covers the elimination of anticompetitive practices and regulations that restrict competition in key markets and highlights the effects of competition on small producers and employment. Part II of the book focuses on the distributional effects of competition policies and how enforcement can be better aligned with shared prosperity goals\"--Publisher's description.
BOOK
Competition among health care providers: helpful or harmful?
The idea of competition in health care can provoke strong reactions from commentators, with some for and others against. Proponents of competition generally fall into one of two camps: those who believe in the innate value of market-based resource allocation (i.e., a decentralised approach to production and consumption decisions, with prices providing the main signals for such decisions) and those who favour the market more for its potential to correct the failures of government regulation. Both camps typically expect competition to do the following things: strengthen patient choice, stimulate innovation, improve quality, enhance efciency and control costs in short, to give people what they want in the least costly way possible. Opponents of competition, in contrast, typically fear it will lead to undesirable outcomes such as a reduction in quality, access to health care based on ability to pay rather than medical need and, as a result, inequity and inefciency in the distribution of health services. Given these differing views, the European Commission asked its Expert Panel on Effective Ways of Investing in Health to consider if and how competition among health care providers might benet health systems in the European Union. This article summarises the main findings and conclusions of the panel's final report.
Journal Article