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Solar hydrogen generation : transition metal oxides in water photoelectrolysis
\"Expert techniques for extracting hydrogen from water using transition metal oxides as catalysts Solar Hydrogen Generation details the complex process of separating hydrogen from oxygen--photoelectrolysis. This book comprehensively covers the chemical characteristics of transition metal oxides, explaining how to covert solar energy to electron energy through transition metal oxides. Past experimentations and future directions are discussed. Solar Hydrogen Generation Comprehensively reviews physical characteristics of transition metal oxides both in electrochemical and photocatalytic applications Includes history and future prospects for water photoelectrolysis Reviews state-of-the-art achievements in the fields of condensed matter physics, nanostructured material science, electrochemistry, and photocatalysis Addresses potential problems and solutions In-depth coverage: Hydrogen Production; Electrochemistry and Photoelectrolysis; Transition Metal Oxides; Molecular Structure, Crystal Structure, and Electronic Structure; Optical Properties and Light Absorption; Bandgap, Band Edge, and Engineering; Impurity, Dopants, and Defects; Photocatalytic Reactions, Oxidation and Reduction; Organic and Inorganic Systems; Surface and Interface Chemistry; Nanostructured and Morphology; Synchrotron Radiation and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Multi-Physics Coupling Simulation of Hsub.2O–COsub.2 Co-Electrolysis Using Flat Tubular Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have emerged as a promising technology for efficient energy storage and CO[sub.2] utilization via H[sub.2]O–CO[sub.2] co-electrolysis. While most previous studies focused on planar or tubular configurations, this work investigated a novel flat, tubular SOEC design using a comprehensive 3D multi-physics model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6. This model integrates charge transfer, gas flow, heat transfer, chemical/electrochemical reactions, and structural mechanics to analyze operational behavior and thermo-mechanical stress under different voltages and pressures. Simulation results indicate that increasing operating voltage leads to significant temperature and current density inhomogeneity. Furthermore, elevated pressure improves electrochemical performance, possibly due to increased reactant concentrations and reduced mass transfer limitations; however, it also increases temperature gradients and the maximum first principal stress. These findings underscore that the design and optimization of flat tubular SOECs in H[sub.2]O–CO[sub.2] co-electrolysis should take the trade-off between performance and durability into consideration.
Journal Article
Water electrolysis
This PrimeView highlights how hydrogen produced from water electrolysis can be utilized for fuel and chemical feedstock.
Journal Article
System Design in COsub.2 Electrolysis: Integrating Value-Added Anode Reactions with Cathodic Reduction
Paired electrolysis represents a paradigm shift in overcoming the energy intensity of conventional CO[sub.2] electrolysis. By supplanting the oxygen evolution reaction with value-added anodic oxidations, this technology simultaneously slashes energy demands and diversifies output. This review critically synthesizes design principles for pairing these anodic reactions with two key cathode pathways, namely CO[sub.2] electroreduction and electrocarboxylation, supported by an analysis of pioneering systems from the past three years. We further explore advanced reactor designs for co-production, and the pivotal role of operando characterization and machine learning in unraveling complex mechanisms. We conclude with a perspective on the key challenges and pathways to industrial adoption, aiming to bridge fundamental advances with practical implementation.
Journal Article
Recent Developments on Hydrogen Production Technologies: State-of-the-Art Review with a Focus on Green-Electrolysis
Growing human activity has led to a critical rise in global energy consumption; since the current main sources of energy production are still fossil fuels, this is an industry linked to the generation of harmful byproducts that contribute to environmental deterioration and climate change. One pivotal element with the potential to take over fossil fuels as a global energy vector is renewable hydrogen; but, for this to happen, reliable solutions must be developed for its carbon-free production. The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive review on several hydrogen production technologies, mainly focusing on water splitting by green-electrolysis, integrated on hydrogen’s value chain. The review further deepened into three leading electrolysis methods, depending on the type of electrolyzer used—alkaline, proton-exchange membrane, and solid oxide—assessing their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Based on the conclusions of this study, further developments in applications like the efficient production of renewable hydrogen will require the consideration of other types of electrolysis (like microbial cells), other sets of materials such as in anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis, and even the use of artificial intelligence and neural networks to help design, plan, and control the operation of these new types of systems.
Journal Article
Raw biomass electroreforming coupled to green hydrogen generation
Despite the tremendous progress of coupling organic electrooxidation with hydrogen generation in a hybrid electrolysis, electroreforming of raw biomass coupled to green hydrogen generation has not been reported yet due to the rigid polymeric structures of raw biomass. Herein, we electrooxidize the most abundant natural amino biopolymer chitin to acetate with over 90% yield in hybrid electrolysis. The overall energy consumption of electrolysis can be reduced by 15% due to the thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable chitin oxidation over water oxidation. In obvious contrast to small organics as the anodic reactant, the abundance of chitin endows the new oxidation reaction excellent scalability. A solar-driven electroreforming of chitin and chitin-containing shrimp shell waste is coupled to safe green hydrogen production thanks to the liquid anodic product and suppression of oxygen evolution. Our work thus demonstrates a scalable and safe process for resource upcycling and green hydrogen production for a sustainable energy future.
The scale-up of the coupling of water electroreduction (HER) with organic electrooxidation remains challenging. Here the authors address this challenge by coupling HER with electrooxidation of raw biomass chitin, cogenerating acetate and green hydrogen safely at high current density.
Journal Article
Formicarium-Inspired Hierarchical Conductive Architecture for CoSesub.2@MoSesub.2 Catalysts Towards Advanced Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers
The exploration of high-performance, low-cost, and dual-function electrodes is crucial for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) to meet the relentless demand for green H[sub.2] production. In this study, a heteroatom-doped carbon-cage-supported CoSe[sub.2]@MoSe[sub.2]@NC catalyst with a formicarium structure has been fabricated using a scalable one-step selenization strategy. The component-refined bifunctional catalyst exhibited minimal overpotential values of 116 mV and 283 mV at 10 mA cm[sup.−2] in 1 M KOH for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. Specifically, rationally designed heterostructures and flexible carbonaceous sponges facilitate interfacial reaction equalization, modulate local electronic distributions, and establish efficient electron transport pathways, thereby enhancing catalytic activity and durability. Furthermore, the assembled AEMWE based on the CoSe[sub.2]@MoSe[sub.2]@NC bifunctional catalysts can achieve a current density of 106 mA cm[sup.−2] at 1.9 V and maintain a favorable durability after running for 100 h (a retention of 95%). This work highlights a new insight into the development of advanced bifunctional catalysts with enhanced activity and durability for AEMWE.
Journal Article
Rational Design of Metal-Free Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for Controllable Reduction of COsub.2 to Syngas
The electrocatalytic reduction of CO[sub.2] (ECO[sub.2]RR) to syngas with tunable CO/H[sub.2] ratios offers a promising route for sustainable energy conversion and chemical production. Here, we report a series of N-doped carbon black (NCBx) catalysts with tailored nitrogen species that enable precise control over the composition of syngas. Among the catalysts, NCB3 exhibits the optimal performance, achieving high CO selectivity (64.14%) and activity (1.9 mA cm[sup.−2]) in an H-type cell at −0.9 V. Furthermore, NCB3 produces syngas with a wide range of CO/H[sub.2] ratios (0.52 to 4.77) across the applied potentials (−0.5 to −1.0 V). Stability tests confirm the robust durability of NCB3, which maintains consistent activity and selectivity over prolonged electrolysis. This work demonstrates the critical role of nitrogen species in tuning ECO[sub.2]RR pathways and establishes a strategy for designing efficient and stable carbon-based catalysts for CO[sub.2] utilization and syngas production.
Journal Article
Review of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction—A Basic Approach
An increasing emphasis on energy storage has resulted in a surge of R&D efforts into producing catalyst materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with emphasis on decreasing the usage of platinum group metals (PGMs). Alkaline water electrolysis holds promise for satisfying future energy storage demands, however the intrinsic potential of this technology is impeded by sluggish reaction kinetics. Here, we summarize the latest efforts within alkaline HER electrocatalyst design, where these efforts are divided between three catalyst design strategies inspired by the three prevailing theories describing the pH-dependence of the HER activity. Modifying the electronic structure of a host through codoping and creating specific sites for hydrogen/hydroxide adsorption stand out as promising strategies. However, with the vast amount of possible combinations, emphasis on screening parameters is important. The authors predict that creating a codoped catalyst using the first strategy by screening materials based on their hydrogen, hydroxide and water binding energies, and utilizing the second and third strategies as optimization parameters might yield both active and stable HER catalyst materials. This strategy has the potential to greatly advance the current status of alkaline water electrolysis as an energy storage option.
Journal Article
A Techno-Economic Assessment of Fischer–Tropsch Fuels Based on Syngas from Co-Electrolysis
As a part of the worldwide efforts to substantially reduce CO2 emissions, power-to-fuel technologies offer a promising path to make the transport sector CO2-free, complementing the electrification of vehicles. This study focused on the coupling of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis for the production of synthetic diesel and kerosene with a high-temperature electrolysis unit. For this purpose, a process model was set up consisting of several modules including a high-temperature co-electrolyzer and a steam electrolyzer, both of which were based on solid oxide electrolysis cell technology, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, a hydrocracker, and a carrier steam distillation. The integration of the fuel synthesis reduced the electrical energy demand of the co-electrolysis process by more than 20%. The results from the process simulations indicated a power-to-fuel efficiency that varied between 46% and 67%, with a decisive share of the energy consumption of the co-electrolysis process within the energy balance. Moreover, the utilization of excess heat can substantially to completely cover the energy demand for CO2 separation. The economic analysis suggests production costs of 1.85 €/lDE for the base case and the potential to cut the costs to 0.94 €/lDE in the best case scenario. These results underline the huge potential of the developed power-to-fuel technology.
Journal Article