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"EMPLOYMENT INCOME"
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Getting your first job
\"This informative volume guides readers through finding work, understanding pay scales and benefits, and learning about hours and schedules. Advice on how to budget and save and what to expect when it comes to taxes round out what to expect from the employment process.\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Ain't no trust
Ain’t No Trust explores issues of trust and distrust among low-income women in the U.S.—at work, around childcare, in their relationships, and with caseworkers—and presents richly detailed evidence from in-depth interviews about our welfare system and why it’s failing the very people it is designed to help. By comparing low-income mothers’ experiences before and after welfare reform, Judith A. Levine probes women’s struggles to gain or keep jobs while they simultaneously care for their children, often as single mothers. By offering a new way to understand how structural factors impact the daily experiences of poor women, Ain’t No Trust highlights the pervasiveness of distrust in their lives, uncovering its hidden sources and documenting its most corrosive and paralyzing effects. Levine’s critique and conclusions hold powerful implications for scholars and policymakers alike.
eBook
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
This study of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) explains in detail how public officials in the executive branch and Congress overcame strong opposition from business and organized labor to pass landmark legislation regulating employer-sponsored retirement and health plans. Before Congress passed ERISA, federal law gave employers and unions great discretion in the design and operation of employee benefit plans. Most importantly, firms and unions could and often did establish pension plans that placed employees at great risk for not receiving any retirement benefits. In the early 1960s, officials in the executive branch proposed a number of regulatory initiatives to protect employees, but business groups and most labor unions objected to the key proposals. Faced with opposition from powerful interest groups, legislative entrepreneurs in Congress, chiefly New York Republican senator Jacob K. Javits, took the case for pension reform directly to voters by publicizing frightening statistics and \"horror stories\" about pension plans. This deft and successful effort to mobilize the media and public opinion overwhelmed the business community and organized labor and persuaded Javits's colleagues in Congress to support comprehensive pension reform legislation. The enactment of ERISA in September 1974 recast federal policy for private pension plans by making worker security an overriding objective of federal law.
eBook
Gendered labor market adjustments around marital and cohabiting union transitions during Europe’s early cohabitation diffusion
While cross-sectional differences in hours worked, household income, and individual income among single, cohabiting, and married individuals are well documented, less is known about labor market changes that occur around the time of union transitions. This paper examines labor market dynamics surrounding changes in union status during a time when cohabitation was rising across Europe but had not yet become as widespread as it is now. It distinguishes transitions between individuals who start cohabiting, marry directly, and marry after cohabitation. Using the European Community Household Panel for 14 European countries in 19942001, this study assesses (1) differences in the level of both work income and hours worked for men and women across union status and (2) changes in household income, individual income, and hours worked at the time of transition from singlehood into either marriage or a nonmarital cohabiting union, and from cohabitation into marriage. Men increase their work hours when entering their first marriage directly from singlehood but not if they were previously cohabiting. Conversely, women reduce both hours and income when they enter marriage (even if they were cohabiting before) but not when entering cohabiting unions. Getting married is a critical junction for women's reductions in hours worked and individual income, regardless of whether they previously cohabited. Men who directly marry increase their hours worked, unlike those who cohabit first.
Journal Article
Effects of Globalizationon Labor's Share in National Income
The past two decades have seen a decline in labor''s share of national income in several industrial countries. This paper analyzes the role of three factors in explaining movements in labor''s share--factor-biased technological progress, openness to trade, and changes in employment protection--using a panel of 18 industrial countries over 1960-2000. Since most studies suggest that globalization and rapid technological progress (associated with accelerated information technology development) began in the mid-1980s, the sample is split in 1985 into preglobalization/pre-IT revolution and postglobalization/post-IT revolution eras. The results suggest that the decline in labor''s share during the past few decades in the OECD member countries may have been largely an equilibrium, rather than a cyclical, phenomenon, as the distribution of national income between labor and capital adjusted to capital-augmenting technological progress and a more globalized world economy
Book
Trends in Income Insecurity Among U.S. Children, 1984–2010
Has income insecurity increased among U.S. children with the emergence of an employment-based safety net and the polarization of labor markets and family structure? We study the trend in insecurity from 1984–2010 by analyzing fluctuations in children's monthly family incomes in the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Going beyond earlier research on income volatility, we examine income insecurity more directly by analyzing income gains and losses separately and by relating them to changes in family composition and employment. The analysis provides new evidence of increased income insecurity by showing that large income losses increased more than large income gains for low-income children. Nearly one-half the increase in extreme income losses is related to trends in single parenthood and parental employment. Large income losses proliferated with the increased incidence of very low incomes (less than $150 per month). Extreme income losses and very low monthly incomes became more common particularly for U.S. children of nonworking single parents from the mid-1990s.
Journal Article
Entrepreneurship and Economic Performance: Evidences from Selected OIC Countries
The OIC countries encountered problems concerning reduction of poverty, filling gaps between income inequalities and achieving economic development. Thus, the main question to ask was: \"What can be the solution?\" Furthermore, entrepreneurship and economic growth had an increasing pattern. Hence, many scholars have highlighted the importance of economies' entrepreneurial activities and the impact of entrepreneurship and economic growth on poverty, income inequality and economic development. Meanwhile, studies that are quantitatively analyzing the interrelationship between entrepreneurship and their impact on economic performance are very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill the gap in entrepreneurship literature and to study the causal relationships between the entrepreneurship, income inequality, poverty, employment and economic growth in the panel of 22 OIC countries during 2012-2017. The results suggested that entrepreneurship plays a vital role on poverty, income inequality, employment and economic growth in the OIC countries.
Journal Article
Tourism and Sustainability: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis
Sustainability is a growing research topic in tourism due to the importance of environmental and social issues, and the maintenance of patrimony and other facilities to conserve the potential of tourism destinations. Specifically, sustainability in tourism is crucial in order to guarantee a consistent development of destinations, measured by growth in income and employment. This relevance has been translated into an explosive growth in the sustainability literature regarding tourism, income, and employment. However, there is a lack of bibliometric and visualization research on tourism sustainability (TS), and specifically on its relationship with income and employment. This paper aims to present a bibliometric overview of TS research, and specifically TS related to income and employment. The current work analyzed 2279 references collected from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database and used the visualization of similarities (VOS)viewer program to graphically map the material. The study used co-occurrence of keywords, co-citation, bibliographic coupling, and co-authorship analyses. The results identify the development status and the leading trends in terms of impact, main journals, papers, topics, authors, institutions, and countries. The analysis and graphical presentations are relevant, as they can help researchers and practitioners better understand the state of the art of TS.
Journal Article