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Introducción. En Chile la prevalencia de obesidad total en población escolar alcanza al 31% y la obesidad severa al 10,8%. La Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, es una de las más afectadas por esta epidemia. El diagnóstico nutricional confiable y una intervención oportuna pueden evitar que los niños enfermen y deterioren su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia del estado nutricional de escolares de la Región de Magallanes, según datos reportados por la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas, JUNAEB, entre 2009-2019 y comparar resultados del año 2010 con un estudio propio. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó el estado nutricional de 71.334 escolares de la Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena por nivel educacional y variables demográficas, según información de JUNAEB. Luego se compararon los resultados de escolares de 1º básico del año 2010, obtenidos a través de dos metodologías: fuente secundaria, Encuesta JUNAEB, y fuente primaria, estudio antropométrico realizado en la misma región y año. Resultados. Según datos de JUNAEB el exceso ponderal se incrementó en escolares de la región en 4,4 % entre 2009 y 2019, el grupo más afectado fue 1º básico. En el año 2010 la prevalencia de obesidad para escolares de 1º básico según JUNAEB fue 21,8% y según estudio regional propio fue 25,7%. Conclusiones. La malnutrición por exceso afecta al 53,8% de los escolares de la Región de Magallanes y podría ser mayor, considerando que la información censal podría estar subestimando el sobrepeso y obesidad. Es urgente intervenir para evitar perpetuar esta epidemia.

Undernutrition continues to be a primary cause of ill-health and premature mortality among children in developing countries. This paper examines how the prevalence of undernutrition in children is measured and argues that the standard indices of stunting, wasting and underweight may each be underestimating the scale of the problem. This has important implications for policy-makers, planners and organizations seeking to meet international development targets. Using anthropometric data on 24 396 children in India, we constructed an alternative composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and compared it with conventional indices. The CIAF examines the relationship between distinct subgroups of anthropometric failure, poverty and morbidity, showing that children with multiple anthropometric failures are at a greater risk of morbidity and are more likely to come from poorer households. While recognizing that stunting, wasting and underweight reflect distinct biological processes of clear importance, the CIAF is the only measure that provides a single, aggregated figure of the number of undernourished children in a population.

Humans have become much taller and heavier, and experience healthier and longer lives than ever before in human history. However it is only recently that historians, economists, human biologists and demographers have linked the changing size, shape and capability of the human body to economic and demographic change. This fascinating and groundbreaking book presents an accessible introduction to the field of anthropometric history, surveying the causes and consequences of changes in health and mortality, diet and the disease environment in Europe and the United States since 1700. It examines how we define and measure health and nutrition as well as key issues such as whether increased longevity contributes to greater productivity or, instead, imposes burdens on society through the higher costs of healthcare and pensions. The result is a major contribution to economic and social history with important implications for today's developing world and the health trends of the future.

The Mini Nutritional Assessment is a tool for determining the nutritional state of the frail elderly. This assessment is a practical tool allowing for the rapid evaluation of older people's nutritional status.

Obesity is not just a disease of developed nations. Obesity levels in some lower-income and transitional countries are as high as or higher than those reported for the United States and other developed countries, and those levels are increasing rapidly. Shifts in diet and activity are consistent with these changes, but little systematic work has been done to understand all the factors contributing to these high levels. The goal of this review is to provide an understanding of the patterns and trends of obesity around the world and some of the major forces affecting these trends. Several nationally representative and nationwide surveys are discussed

Introducción: los diagnósticos de comienzos del siglo XX daban cuenta del deterioro de las condiciones materiales de vida de la población, en particular la más pobre. Uno de los aspectos más importantes era el problema del acceso a la alimentación. El objetivo de esta reflexión fue analizar los resultados de una encuesta nutricional aplicada a los jornaleros de la Municipalidad de Santiago en 1936. Reflexión: la encuesta de la Municipalidad de Santiago de Chile ofrece información relevante sobre consumo de calorías, talla y peso. Esta encuesta permite discutir los alcances que tuvo la encuesta como técnica de investigación durante los años 1930 y 1940, y las razones de por qué se impuso frente a otros métodos como el uso de las cuentas nacionales. Conclusión: la encuesta aplicada a los trabajadores de la Municipalidad de Santiago muestra sus condiciones privilegiadas en cuanto a ingreso, consumo e Índice de Masa Corporal.

Background. Many believe that the prospect of weight gain discourages smokers from quitting. Accurate estimates of the weight gain related to the cessation of smoking in the general population are not available, however. Methods. We related changes in body weight to changes in smoking status in adults 25 to 74 years of age who were weighed in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I, 1971 to 1975) and then weighed a second time in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1982 to 1984). The cohort included continuing smokers (748 men and 1137 women) and those who had quit smoking for a year or more (409 men and 359 women). Results. The mean weight gain attributable to the cessation of smoking, as adjusted for age, race, level of education, alcohol use, illnesses related to change in weight, base-line weight, and physical activity, was 2.8 kg in men and 3.8 kg in women. Major weight gain (13 kg) occurred in 9.8 percent of the men and 13.4 percent of the women who quit smoking. The relative risk of major weight gain in those who quit smoking (as compared with those who continued to smoke) was 8.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 4.4 to 14.9) in men and 5.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 3.7 to 9.1) in women, and it remained high regardless of the duration of cessation. For both sexes, blacks, people under the age of 55, and people who smoked 15 cigarettes or more per day were at higher risk of major weight gain after quitting smoking. Although at base line the smokers weighed less than those who had never smoked, they weighed nearly the same at follow-up. Conclusions. Major weight gain is strongly related to smoking cessation, but it occurs in only a minority of those who stop smoking. Weight gain is not likely to negate the health benefits of smoking cessation, but its cosmetic effects may interfere with attempts to quit. Effective methods of weight control are therefore needed for smokers trying to quit

Background. Recent studies have suggested an association between higher body iron stores and the risk of coronary heart disease. To assess these findings, we examined the association between transferrin saturation and the risk of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, overall mortality, and mortality from cardiovascular causes in a large population. Methods. We studied a total of 4518 men and women from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, using a multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model. Base-line data were collected from 1971 to 1974, with follow-up through 1987. Transferrin saturation (serum iron concentration divided by total iron-binding capacity) was used as a measure of the amount of circulating iron available to tissues. Results. The risk of coronary heart disease was not related to transferrin-saturation levels in white men or women. Estimates of the relative risk of coronary heart disease for the fifth quintile of transferrin saturation as compared with the first quintile were 0.72 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.51 to 1.00) for men and 0.85 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 1.21) for women. The results were similar for myocardial infarction. A significant inverse association with transferrin saturation was found for overall mortality and for mortality from cardiovascular causes in white men and women. Transferrin saturation was not associated with any of the clinical outcomes in blacks, possibly owing to the small sample. Conclusions. Higher transferrin-saturation levels were not associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction. On the contrary, the results indicate that there may be an inverse association of iron stores with overall mortality and with mortality from cardiovascular causes

To study geographical patterns of underweight children in Africa by combining information on prevalence with headcounts at a subnational level. We used large-scale, nationally representative nutrition surveys, in particular the Demographic and Health Surveys and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which have been designed, analysed and presented according to largely similar protocols, and which report at the national and subnational levels. We found distinct geographical patterns in the occurrence of underweight children, which could be linked to factors such as agronomic and climatic conditions, population density and economic integration. Patterns of underweight children cross national borders suggesting that regional characteristics and interactions need to be considered when addressing malnutrition.

The array of results discussed in this paper is assembled by stage of gestation in the following table (Table 1). We must allow some uncertainty for some outcomes as to the precise stages of gestation in which they originate. For instance, with obesity, the effects of famine exposure may extend beyond the first trimester into the second. Yet, the table is perhaps sufficient in itself to support the point with which the paper opened, namely, that stage of development is crucial to the appreciation of the effects of prenatal nutrition.