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This paper presents new evidence on how enrollment expansion affects higher education access and production with a focus on social inequality and institutional stratification. From 1999 to 2012, the world’s largest higher education expansion happened in China that annual college enrollment dramatically increased from 1,083,600 to 6,888,300. We evaluate this exogenous, unprecedented policy using nationally representative student-level survey data and newly available confidential institution-level data. Enrollment expansion, which reduced per-student resources, negatively impacted college quality as measured by value-added on graduates’ employment and earnings. The inequality in access between high- and low-SES students and the stratified production between college institutional tiers persisted during expansion.

This study employs an evolutionary game model to investigate the strategic dynamics between higher education institutions (HEIs) and bachelor’s degree graduates (Graduates) amid China’s postgraduate enrollment expansion and its concurrent employment challenges. We construct a model around these two stakeholders and propose two novel parameters to quantify their decision drivers: the Education Opportunity Cost Premium (EOCP) for graduates and the Return on an expansion policy (RREP) for HEIs. The findings reveal a bistable system with two potential equilibria: a “conservative coordination” (Not Expand, Employ) and a “progressive coordination” (Expand, Enroll). The system exhibits significant path dependency, indicating that the final outcome is highly sensitive to initial conditions. Graduates’ strategies are primarily driven by the EOCP, while institutional choices are governed by the RREP. This research elucidates how individually rational decisions can converge towards a collectively suboptimal outcome, posing a challenge to sustainable development. By analyzing the model’s sensitivity to key parameters, this study critically assesses the implications for educational equity and proposes a collaborative university-industry-government framework to better align postgraduate expansion with sustainable development goals.

With the rapid development of computer technology in modern society, it has had a large and small impact on all aspects of our lives. Among them, the one million enrollment policy has a great impact on the future development path of higher vocational colleges, and the teaching management mode of higher vocational colleges based on the one million enrollment policy has also undergone great changes with this policy. In this situation, the teaching management mode of higher vocational colleges has major challenges and rare opportunities. In meeting these challenges and opportunities, higher vocational colleges should use computer technology management methods and innovations derived from computer technology. The method is applied well. This article is based on some problems such as poor student base, insufficient teaching staff and old management methods faced by higher vocational colleges after the expansion of one million enrollment, and through the calculus algorithm in computer technology, it is based on computer technology. A series of research and discussion were conducted on the teaching management mode of the school after the enrollment expansion of one million. The enrollment expansion by one million in higher vocational colleges is of great significance for promoting the reform of personnel training policies, deepening the reform of the teaching management mode of higher vocational colleges, expanding the growth and development space of students, and alleviating the employment pressure of students. In the context of the expansion of enrollment based on one million in higher vocational colleges, such a large-scale increase poses new challenges to the faculty of higher vocational colleges, and the diversity of needs also poses new challenges to the teaching management mode of work, so many people The resulting complexity also poses new challenges to teaching management. To deal with these challenges, higher vocational colleges should deepen teaching reform, explore new ways to combine education and training; strengthen the construction of the teaching team; and innovate teaching management work models. The experimental results show that after the enrollment of higher vocational colleges under the computer technology is expanded by one million, the teaching management mode of higher vocational colleges should change.

In the context of a rapidly aging population, improving the parents’ health outcomes, especially in parents with poorer health, is essential for narrowing elderly health inequality. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we took the university enrollment expansion policy as the instrumental variable and employed the two-stage least square (2SLS) and instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) approaches to explore the spillovers of offspring education on the elderly parents’ frailty index. The results show that one additional year of offspring educational attainment was associated with a 0.017 or 4.66% decline in the parents’ frailty index. These spillovers are stronger where parents are cohabiting with their children than when separating (more than 2 times higher). Moreover, there is substantial heterogeneity that is determined by the gender of parents. The spillover on mothers is greater than that on fathers. Further analysis of a cohort of parents with different frailty indexes reveals that the upward spillovers of offspring education on parents’ health are non-linear and non-averaged. The spillovers may diminish as parents own health improves. These spillovers suppress the “Matthew Effect”, which can lead to the further widening of health inequality.

Based on the university enrollment expansion policy implemented by the Chinese government in 1999, I use the difference-in-difference method to explore the effects of human capital expansion on firms' markup and the influencing mechanism. Findings suggest that human capital expansion significantly promotes the improvement of firms' markup, which remains true after a series of robustness tests. The analysis of the influencing mechanism shows that on the one hand, human capital expansion promotes the improvement of firms' production efficiency and improves their markup through the production efficiency channel. On the other hand, human capital expansion improves the market pricing power of firms and exerts a significant positive impact on their markup through the market pricing channel. Further analysis also shows the varying impacts of human capital expansion on the markup of different types of firms. This study enhances the understanding of the microeconomic effects of human capital expansion from the markup perspective.

We analyze the heterogeneous impact of expansion of higher education on student outcomes in the context of competition among colleges, which differentiate themselves horizontally by setting curricular standards. Our analysis is based on a novel model of human capital production where a student's outcome of studies at a college depends on the match between the student's aptitude and the standard of the college's curriculum. We find that when public or economic pressures compel less selective colleges to lower their curricular standards, low-ability students benefit at the expense of medium-ability students. This reduces competitive pressure faced by more selective colleges, which therefore adopt more demanding curricula to better serve their most able students. This model of curricular product differentiation in higher education offers an explanation for the diverging selectivity trends of American colleges.

This report finds that in developing countries over the past 15 years, high priority was accorded to increasing enrolments in primary schools, but much less attention was directed to the crucial issue of whether children are learning adequately. The report recommends that countries, the World Bank and development partners give the same emphasis to learning outcomes as to access, so that the world's increasing investments in primary education have a far greater impact on poverty reduction and national development. The World Bank is the largest provider of external financial support to education in developing world. Since 1963, it has transferred about US$36.5 billion for education, over $14 billion of which has been for primary education. Its current lending portfolio consists of about 143 operations in 88 countries amounting to US$8.4 billion. (DIPF/Orig.).

College Enrolment Expansion policies have been implemented in China since 1999. Unfortunately, numbers of qualified teachers and the amount of educational funds input have not caught up with the pace of student intake. Even the curricula taught in colleges are outdated and work practice programmes are inefficient. As a result, new college graduates cannot meet the requirements of firms they wish to work for. Many graduates work in unskilled job positions with low pay. They are called the 'Ant tribe'. We estimate that the accumulative number of persons in 'Ant tribes' had exceeded 3 million by 2010, and the corresponding cost to China's annual GDP was over 0.22% in respect of effective labour input. Improvement in quality should take priority during the expansion of higher education..(HRK / Abstract übernommen).

Credit bank system is a very important management mode in current higher vocational education, and it is also an important means for the Ministry of Education to promote China's modern education reform. This paper combines the specific background of higher vocational enrollment expansion, expounds the practical significance of the credit bank system in the training of the expanded enrollment talents, and explores the methods and rules of the authentication and transformation of the learning achievement of the expanded enrollment students under the system. In order to achieve convergence of different types of learning results, smooth talent growth channel, a useful exploration is carried out.

The enrollment expansion of higher vocational education is not only a strategic measure to alleviate the structural contradiction of employment, but also an important support for economic transformation and upgrading. How to deal with the expansion of enrollment and ensure the quality of training is an important task of higher vocational colleges at this stage. Based on the development requirements of the new era, it is of great practical significance to build a perfect quality assurance system of talent training.