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Yalova/Çobankale Kazısından İki Kutsal Ekmek Mührü
Yalova’nın Altınova ilçesi, Yalakdere Vadisi üzerinde yer alan Xerigordos (Çobankale), ana yollar üzerinde kurulmuş önemli bir kale yerleşimidir. Kalenin adı 11-14. yüzyıllar arasında tarihî kaynaklarda sıklıkla geçmektedir. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı izniyle kalede başlatılan arkeolojik kazılar sırasında şapel olduğu belirlenen mimari kalıntının yakın çevresinde üzerlerinde haç tasvirleri olan iki adet pişmiş topraktan yapılmış mühür gün ışığına çıkarılmıştır. Mühürlerin şapel çevresinde ele geçmiş olması, Hristiyanlığın en önemli dinî töreni olan ekmek ve şarabın kutsandığı ayinde (ökaristi/ eucharistia) dağıtılmak için özel olarak hazırlanıp pişirilmeden önce mühürlenerek İsa’nın bedenine dönüştürüldüğüne inanılan ekmekler için kullanılmış olduğunu göstermektedir. Konik biçimli kutsal ekmek mühürlerinin baskı yüzeyinde kademeli biçimde çerçeve içine alınmış haç tasvirleri oyulmuştur. Benzerleriyle yapılan karşılaştırmalar ve kazılar sırasında bulunan diğer buluntular ekmek mühürlerinin Orta Bizans Dönemi’ne tarihlendirilmesini (11-12. yüzyıllar arası) olanaklı kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Çobankale kazılarında bulunan kutsal ekmek mühürleri tanıtılıp ekmeğin çok tanrılı ve tek tanrılı simgesel anlamı üzerinde durulmuş ve arkeolojik kazılarda bulunan aynı döneme ait benzer örnekler ele alınmıştır.
Journal Article
Tunnels
Follow the developments of tunnels, as they have gone deeper underground, have traveled further and helped us transport people, energy and goods through engineering skill, design, and ambition.
Book
At Home with the Sapa Inca
By examining the stunning stone buildings and dynamic spaces of the royal estate of Chinchero, Nair brings to light the rich complexity of Inca architecture. This investigation ranges from the paradigms of Inca scholarship and a summary of Inca cultural practices to the key events of Topa Inca's reign and the many individual elements of Chinchero's extraordinary built environment. What emerges are the subtle, often sophisticated ways in which the Inca manipulated space and architecture in order to impose their authority, identity, and agenda. The remains of grand buildings, as well as a series of deft architectural gestures in the landscape, reveal the unique places that were created within the royal estate and how one space deeply informed the other. These dynamic settings created private places for an aging ruler to spend time with a preferred wife and son, while also providing impressive spaces for imperial theatrics that reiterated the power of Topa Inca, the choice of his preferred heir, and the ruler's close relationship with sacred forces. This careful study of architectural details also exposes several false paradigms that have profoundly misguided how we understand Inca architecture, including the belief that it ended with the arrival of Spaniards in the Andes. Instead, Nair reveals how, amidst the entanglement and violence of the European encounter, an indigenous town emerged that was rooted in Inca ways of understanding space, place, and architecture and that paid homage to a landscape that defined home for Topa Inca.
eBook
LAS NUEVAS FORMAS DE HÁBITAT IBÉRICO EN LOS SIGLOS III Y II A. C. Y LA IRRUPCIÓN DEL MUNDO ROMANO EN EL YACIMIENTO DEL TURÓ DE PERALADA (PERALADA, GIRONA)
Palabras clave Turd de Peralada; contexto domestico; Iberico Pleno-Tardio; brasero de bronce Abstract The last excavation campaigns carried out on the lower sector of the archeological Turd de Peralada site have uncovered two new houses dating from the full to late Iberian period. With this new evidence, as well as its dereliction in the mid-ist century BC due to the irruption of the Roman world, warrants a new up-to-date interpretation that takes into account this recent significant discoveries and revises previous interpretations regarding the settlement inhabitation. Los usos actuates del suelo dificultan enormemente la investigation y conservation de los restos arqueologicos, por la limitation de que las unicas intervenciones sean de caracter preventive, sujetas a obras puntuales y diseminadas, y sin poder llevar a cabo proyectos de investigation en extension, ademas de la parcialidad del registro documentado, tanto por la sucesion de fases de ocupacion como por la extension y potencia permitidas por los rebajes en el subsuelo. Por todas estas razones, el yacimiento se convirtid en un enclave fundamental para el control del hinterland emporitano, tanto en el dominio territorial como para la estructuracidn de los mercados de la region (Llinas et al., 1998: 39) (figura 2).
Journal Article
Reclaiming a Plundered Past
The looting of the Iraqi National Museum in April of 2003
provoked a world outcry at the loss of artifacts regarded as part
of humanity's shared cultural patrimony. But though the losses were
unprecedented in scale, the museum looting was hardly the first
time that Iraqi heirlooms had been plundered or put to political
uses. From the beginning of archaeology as a modern science in the
nineteenth century, Europeans excavated and appropriated Iraqi
antiquities as relics of the birth of Western civilization. Since
Iraq was created in 1921, the modern state has used archaeology to
forge a connection to the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia
and/or Islamic empires and so build a sense of nationhood among
Iraqis of differing religious traditions and ethnicities.
This book delves into the ways that archaeology and politics
intertwined in Iraq during the British Mandate and the first years
of nationhood before World War II. Magnus Bernhardsson begins with
the work of British archaeologists who conducted extensive
excavations in Iraq and sent their finds to the museums of Europe.
He then traces how Iraqis' growing sense of nationhood led them to
confront the British over antiquities law and the division of
archaeological finds between Iraq and foreign excavators. He shows
how Iraq's control over its archaeological patrimony was directly
tied to the balance of political power and how it increased as
power shifted to the Iraqi government. Finally he examines how
Iraqi leaders, including Saddam Hussein, have used archaeology and
history to legitimize the state and its political actions.
eBook
Construction machines
This book describes construction machines, such as gigantic machines that can carve tunnels through solid stone and cranes, trucks, and bulldozers that help build--and tear down--the structures that make our cities.
Book
