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The National policy on public-private partnerships (PPP) recently approved by the Government of Ghana (GoG) sets out the government's intention to use PPPs to improve the quality, cost-effectiveness, and timely provision of public infrastructure in Ghana. The PPP policy highlights the role of the government's financial support to PPPs, as well as the importance of putting in place a system to manage the associated fiscal commitments (FCs). As noted in the policy, the government's contribution to a PPP may include remuneration to the private party from government budgets, which may be fixed or partially fixed, periodic payments (annuities) and contingent. This report proposes an operational framework for managing fiscal obligations arising from PPPs in Ghana. This framework aims to ensure that PPP FCs are consistently identified and assessed during PPP project preparation, and that these assessments are fed into project approval. The report outlines roles and responsibilities, concepts, and processes for managing PPP FCs, drawing on international standards and practices, bearing in mind existing institutions and capacities in Ghana. The report also suggests legislative additions and capacity building needed to establish this framework in practice. This report focuses primarily on managing long-term FCs to PPPs, including regular payments or contingent liabilities (CL) that typically last throughout a project's lifetime. This report is structured as follows: chapter 1 is introduction; chapter; 2 introduces the concept of FCs from PPPs: how and why PPPs create FCs, why managing them is important, and an overview of what it entails; chapter 3 presents institutional roles and responsibilities; chapter 4 describes how FC management should be incorporated in the PPP development and approval process; chapter 5 describes how FCs can be managed during PPP implementation by monitoring, reporting, and budgeting adequately; and chapter 6 sets out the steps needed to begin to implement this PPP framework-to build its core requirements into the forthcoming PPP Law, and to build capacity in the relevant entities to carry out those requirements in practice.

Background Financial risk protection is a core component of Universal Health Coverage. Rural residents in China continue to face the higher risk of catastrophic health expenditure. Developing a health insurance system for rural residents that ensures affordability and sustainability is critical to advancing Universal Health Coverage. This study aims to assess rural residents’ preferences and willingness to pay for inclusive commercial health insurance. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 520 rural households in Zhucheng County, China, using a structured questionnaire. A discrete choice experiment was employed to measure respondents’ preferences and willingness to pay for inclusive commercial health insurance, followed by scenario simulations to estimate enrollment probabilities. Results Based on 497 valid responses, all attributes significantly influenced rural residents’ preferences for inclusive commercial health insurance, except the deductible. Respondents preferred plans with government participation, equal compensation regardless of preexisting conditions, 80% reimbursement ratio, coverage for special medications, and low premiums. Government participation had the greatest impact. The optimal plan configuration increased the predicted enrollment probability by 99.6%. Conclusions Strengthening government responsibility is the most effective strategy to increase rural enrollment in inclusive commercial health insurance. Additional measures include equitable coverage for preexisting conditions, optimizing benefit design, and setting reasonable premiums and deductibles. These findings offer actionable insights for improving inclusive commercial health insurance uptake among rural residents and provide transferable evidence for other countries seeking to advance financial risk protection under the UHC agenda through public–private insurance partnerships.

This paper demonstrates that Adam Smith's insights and reasoning can improve the theory of international business, and shed light on its academic practices. Smith was a system builder; his theory of knowledge underpinned his entire oeuvre, and understanding his systematic approach can help current international business to achieve a similarly coherent body of theory. Smith's approach sheds direct light on decision-making in multinational enterprises, and on cultural distance (the \"liability of foreignness\"). Combining these two areas yields new Smithian insights into multinational enterprises from emerging countries.

This study provides a conceptual framework for the analysis of the questions of out-of-court debt restructuring from a policy-oriented perspective. The starting point of the analysis is given by the World Bank principles for effective insolvency and creditor rights systems. The study offers an overview of out-of-court restructuring, which is not seen as fundamentally opposed to formal insolvency procedures. Actually, the study contemplates different restructuring techniques as forming a continuum to the treatment of financial difficulties. The study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of all the debt restructuring techniques, and concludes, in this regard, that a legal system may contain a number of options a menu that can cover different sets of circumstances. In the end, the law may offer a toolbox with very different instruments that the parties may use depending on the specific facts of the case. The study also provides a checklist that can be used to examine the features of a legal system that bear a direct influence on debt restructuring activities.

When drilling is finished, ensure that the borehole has a lockable cap in order to pro- tect it from vandalism (e.g. people throwing stones down the borehole). In cases of artesian boreholes (where groundwater flows out to the surface under its own pres- sure) you will need a sealed wellhead. It is recommended that every borehole should have some form of physical identification.

In preparing this particular research, we aimed to put under scrutiny the concept of the material object by analysing it in special given situations, in connection to the criminal offences that are most frequently encountered in practice, and thus to underscore the importance of this concept as a factor in the evolution of the legal framework. The challenges that appear to be inherent when categorising criminal offences into conduct crimes and result crimes do not constitute a novelty in the works of legal scholars, and even less so in practice, but in order to submit them to a proper analysis, it proves imperative that we possess a good grasp of the material object of the criminal offence, in order to establish the perpetrator\"s level of criminal intent, as well as the manner in which criminal liability can be triggered.

Prior to Canada's Supreme Court decision in Resurfice Corp v. Hanke, there was significant confusion (and significant controversy) over the accurate statement of the causation test in Canada. Despite the apparent attempt to put an end to both the confusion and the controversy, it is the authors' view that the decision has done little to clear up the confusion and, judging by the volume of commentary on the decision, has only fueled the controversy. There are a number of very thorough academic analyses of the evolution of the law of causation generally and of the effect of Resurfice in particular. In Ontario at least, this concern has not yet been borne out. The Ontario Court of Appeal has not yet applied the Resurfice material contribution test, and the disagreements that have arisen between Appeal Court judges, even in a case involving difficult scientific proof, have centered around the type and quality of evidence necessary to satisfy the \"but for\" test, not on which test should apply.