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The research aims to identify the reality of the extension services provided to workers in the vegetable production in the farms of Imam Hussein and Al-Abbas’s shrines by the agricultural and extension departments in the holy Karbala governorate. The research included the vegetable farms belonging to Imam Hussein and Al-Abbas’s holy shrines, as well as the agricultural extension departments that provided extension services to those farms. The research sample was chosen from all the agricultural extension agents in the agricultural extension departments in Karbala governorate, totaling (36) agricultural extension agents. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a questionnaire to collect data related to the research topic. It contained a 4-point scale for the reality of extension services provided to workers in vegetable production in the shrine’s farms, which includes (82) paragraphs, to measure the axes of extension services. The research concluded that there are few activities and extension services provided by extension agents in agricultural extension departments. The researcher recommends that the vegetable farms of the two shrines be included in the annual plans to provide activities and extension services by the extension organizations in the governorate. Besides that, these activities should be planned and targeted..

The aim of this research is to identify the role of the agricultural initiative and the supporting devices in the development of palm orchards in Diwaniyah and Muthanna provinces. The aims of the research a questionnaire was prepared consisting (62) items distributed over (7) roles. The provinces of Diwaniyah and Muthanna were chosen for conducting the research. The owners of palm orchards benefiting from the agricultural initiative in the development of palm orchards in the provinces of Diwaniyah and Muthanna were (623) borrowers: including (294) borrowers for the establishment of modern palm groves and (329) borrowers for the development and service of existing palm orchards. A random sample 20% was selected from the research society, with a sample of (125) namely: (59) for the establishment of a modern palm grove and (66) for the development and servicing of existing palm orchards. The results of the research found that the numbers of palm orchards established through the agricultural initiative reached (294) and the numbers of orchards developed and served were (329). The numbers of palm trees planted through the establishment of modern palm groves on agricultural initiative loans amounted to (113978) palm trees. Also, the results found the extension agencies carried out (288) extension activities related to the development of palm orchards in the research area during the agricultural initiative period. The average percentage of the extension role paragraphs was 73%. But, the average percentage of the prevention role paragraphs was 69% in the field of modern palm groves. However, 70% in the development and service of existing palm orchards and the average percentage of the follow-up role paragraphs reached 75%. The research recommends the continuation of the agricultural initiative through the launch of a new initiative for the development of palm orchards such as the comprehensive agricultural initiative to promote the palm sector

The research aimed to identify the opinion of the surveyed agricultural extension agents on the importance of farmers’ participation in the extension activities, as well as to determine the level of farmers’ participation in the extension activities and the reasons for the poor participation of farmers in the extension activities, the procedures that agricultural extension takes to provide opportunities for farmers to participate in the activities. The research was conducted on a sample of agricultural extension agents in four provinces of Iraq, namely Basra, Babil, Salah al-Din, and Nineveh, and the number reached 209 respondents who were chosen randomly, from a community of 418 agricultural extension agents in those provinces, at a rate of 50%, and data was collected from Respondents during August 2022, In a personal interview using a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose after conducting appropriate tests to achieve the research objectives, the data was quantitatively processed and the arithmetic means standard deviation, and the weighted average was used in its analysis, as well as the range and tabular presentation were used by frequency and percentage of data presentation. The most important results that were reached were the following: It became clear that (78.5%) of the respondents believe that the participation of farmers in extension activities is very important. extension, lack of financial and moral support for farmers, weak trust between agricultural extension and farmers, low farmer returns as a result of agricultural production, and the multiplicity and overlapping of agricultural seasons. Extension activities. The most important measures taken by agricultural extension to provide opportunities for farmers to participate in extension activities are: Holding extension seminars with farmers periodically, setting up field schools, communicating new and useful agricultural information and innovations, providing incentives to owners of distinctive extension fields, choosing places close to farmers to hold extension seminars, and educating farmers on the importance of participating in extension activities.

This study appraises the functionality of extension activities among rice farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used to generate a sample size of 140 respondents. Results revealed that the majority of respondents (> 90%) got information from fellow farmers and cooperative members. It was also discovered that members were satisfied with annual meetings (x̄ = 3.50), monthly contributions (x̄ = 3.47), interest rate (x̄ = 3.21), loan payback (x̄ = 3.21), partnerships with other cooperatives (x̄ = 3.20), training sessions (x̄ = 3.19) and joint farm maintenance (x̄ = 2.90). The chi-square test revealed that significant differences occurred between age and constraints (x̄ = 12.76; p < 0.05). It was concluded that majority of the perceived limitations confronting extension activities must have dwindled their efforts and resulted in their poor functionalities. It is recommended that there should be sustainable practice of extension workers’ capacity building, particularly in rice production.

This study appraises the functionality of extension activities among rice farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used to generate a sample size of 140 respondents. Results revealed that the majority of respondents (> 90%) got information from fellow farmers and cooperative members. It was also discovered that members were satisfied with annual meetings (x̄ = 3.50), monthly contributions (x̄ = 3.47), interest rate (x̄ = 3.21), loan payback (x̄ = 3.21), partnerships with other cooperatives (x̄ = 3.20), training sessions (x̄ = 3.19) and joint farm maintenance (x̄ = 2.90). The chi-square test revealed that significant differences occurred between age and constraints (x̄ = 12.76; p < 0.05). It was concluded that majority of the perceived limitations confronting extension activities must have dwindled their efforts and resulted in their poor functionalities. It is recommended that there should be sustainable practice of extension workers’ capacity building, particularly in rice production.

Product innovation, production and marketing, results from the interaction among several actors. Thus, the hub extension model of the governmental program MasAgro seeks to be a space in which farmers, extension workers, input suppliers, government, teaching and research institutions, among others, interact with each other to generate individual and collective well-being through innovation. The aim of this work was to analyze the relational structures within the hubs. For this, we carried out direct interviews to 457 actors from 10 agroecological regions that comprise the hubs of the maize system in Mexico. Measurements recorded are density, closeness, transitivity, and relationships diversity indicators; and twice during the analysis: baseline and final line, through the social networks analysis methodology. A “t” test of related samples revealed that for the first three indicators, there is a statistically significant difference between the moments in time the analysis was carried out (p < 0.05). This indicates that in the hub the interaction between the actors have been managed, and has become a space in which local structure has been generated and relational capital has been maintained; and these are the basis of social capital necessary for the development of innovation processes in the rural sector. These findings can be useful for program managers and policy makers as a complementary tool for evaluating intervention strategies in the sector.

El presente artículo es el resultado de un estado del arte centrado en las tendencias del currículo adicional en la educación, con un enfoque específico en las actividades extracurriculares deportivas. Su objetivo principal es identificar las tendencias investigativas en este campo, mediante una revisión documental de estudios y productos de investigación. Estos fueron sistematizados y analizados a través del software Atlas.ti, utilizando un ejercicio de categorización abierta, axial y selectiva, apoyado en el método de relevancias y opacidades. La revisión documental se configuró con 56 documentos e investigaciones publicadas en los últimos seis años (2018-2024), obtenidas de bases de datos como Scielo, Redalyc, Meta revistas y Dialnet. Los resultados evidencian que las investigaciones actuales apuntan a demostrar la importancia de las actividades deportivas extracurriculares como parte del currículo adicional en el contexto educativo. Se realizó un análisis para identificar cómo estas actividades se integran con diferentes terminologías y enfoques que han surgido a lo largo del tiempo para describir el currículo adicional. Como conclusión, se destaca que, aunque existen diversas investigaciones sobre el currículo adicional, hay una escasez de estudios que utilicen un marco conceptual adecuado en el ámbito de la educación escolar. Esto subraya la necesidad de generar más conocimiento y profundizar en la investigación del currículo adicional y su relación con la formación integral de los estudiantes, especialmente a través de las actividades extracurriculares deportivas. The present article is the result of a state of the art focused on additional curriculum trends in education, with a specific focus on extracurricular sports activities. Its main objective is to identify research trends in this field, through a documentary review of studies and research products. These were systematized and analyzed through the Atlas.ti software, using an open, axial and selective categorization exercise, supported by the method of relevance and opacity. The documentary review was configured with 56 documents and research published in the last six years (2018-2024), obtained from databases such as Scielo, Redalyc, Meta magazines and Dialnet. The results show that current research aims to demonstrate the importance of extracurricular sports activities as part of the additional curriculum in the educational context. An analysis was conducted to identify how these activities integrate with different terminologies and approaches that have emerged over time to describe the additional curriculum. In conclusion, it is highlighted that, although there is various research on the additional curriculum, there is a shortage of studies that use an adequate conceptual framework in the field of school education. This underlines the need to generate more knowledge and deepen research into the additional curriculum and its relationship with the comprehensive education of students, especially through extracurricular sports activities. O presente artigo é o resultado de um estado da arte focado nas tendências curriculares adicionais na educação, com foco específico nas atividades esportivas extracurriculares. Seu principal objetivo é identificar tendências de pesquisa nesta área, por meio de revisão documental de estudos e produtos de pesquisa. Estes foram sistematizados e analisados ​​através do software Atlas.ti, utilizando um exercício de categorização aberto, axial e seletivo, apoiado no método de relevância e opacidade. A revisão documental configurou-se com 56 documentos e pesquisas publicados nos últimos seis anos (2018-2024), obtidos em bases de dados como Scielo, Redalyc, revistas Meta e Dialnet. Os resultados mostram que a presente investigação pretende demonstrar a importância das atividades desportivas extracurriculares como parte do currículo complementar no contexto educativo. Foi realizada uma análise para identificar como estas atividades se integram com diferentes terminologias e abordagens que surgiram ao longo do tempo para descrever o currículo adicional. Concluindo, destaca-se que, embora existam diversas pesquisas sobre o currículo complementar, há escassez de estudos que utilizem um arcabouço conceitual adequado no campo da educação escolar. Isto sublinha a necessidade de gerar mais conhecimento e aprofundar a investigação sobre o currículo complementar e a sua relação com a educação integral dos alunos, especialmente através de atividades desportivas extracurriculares.

La politique pour les services de vulgarisation agricole (SVA) a été revitalisée dans les dernières phases d'élaboration des politiques de développement rural (2007/2013), pour responsabiliser le capital humain en agriculture. Un paquet plus large de mesures, destinées à améliorer l'offre de services de vulgarisation au niveau des exploitations, a été prévu et des ressources financières ont été allouées dans toutes les régions italiennes afin de renforcer ces mesures. Le but de cet article est de vérifier si à une telle proportion de financement correspondent des niveaux élevés d'utilisation des services par les exploitations. En assimilant les agriculteurs aux utilisateurs de SVA, l'analyse propose une classification des exploitations agricoles sur la base de leur propension à consommer des services. Mots-clés: vulgarisation, stratégies de développement rural, agriculteurs, Italie. The policy for agricultural extension services (AES) has been revitalized during the last phases of rural development policies (2007/2013), to empower human capital in agriculture. A wider package of measures aiming at improving the provision of extension services at farm level is foreseen and financial resources have been allocated in all Italian regions, to strengthen the measures. The paper aims at testing whether such a high proportion of funding matches high levels of utilization of services on behalf of the farms. By assimilating farmers to consumers of AES, the analysis proposes a classification of the farms on the basis of their propensity to consume services. Keywords: extension activities, rural development strategies, farmers, Italy.

Present research sought to analyze public and private sector extension in Balochistan province of Pakistan. Five districts, one from each ecological zone, were selected which are Turbat (Kech), Lasbela, Mastung, Sibi, and Loralai. A sample of 375 farmer respondents were taken with a systematic sampling procedure. The response rate was 82.67%. A detailed and comprehensive questionnaire was used for measuring the effectiveness of extension activities performed by public and private sector extension field staff. The results revealed that a number of farmers received visits from private extension field staff on a fortnightly, monthly and quarterly basis, but not from public extension staff during these periods. When public field staff did visit, the favored method of extension was by exhibition and seminar, which ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively, based on the mean score for each extension teaching method used. A majority of the farmers received farm visits and field demonstrations by private extension field staff, which were ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively, as preferred methods of extension. Most of the farmers agreed that public extension field staff provide information regarding application of irrigation and private extension field staff provided advice for the use of plant protection measures. Significant differences were observed between public and private extension field staff on various statements regarding competency level and agronomic practices.

The present study was conducted in 2010. For this purpose, seven districts from the central region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including Charsadda, Hangu, Kohat, Mardan, Nowshera, Peshawar and Swabi were selected. Data were collected on various aspects of individual contact methods in diffusion of agricultural technologies from 280 randomly selected farmer respondents. Researchers collected the data with the help of a pre-tested and validated interview schedule using survey technique. The results show that majority of the farmer respondents is aware of the farm visits (66.43%), demonstrations being conducted (62.50%) and home visits made by the extension staff (60.71%) as extension methods for dissemination of agricultural technologies among the farming community, whereas only 31.78% and 22.85% of the farmer respondents are aware of the office call and telephone calls, respectively, for diffusion of information regarding latest agricultural technologies. However, awareness regarding personal letters as an extension method among the farming community was proved as the lowest (18.93%) entity in the study area. The extent of the use of individual contact methods namely farm visits, demonstrations, home visits and office call bearing mean values 2.85, 2.81, 2.79 and 2.68, respectively were ranked as 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th, respectively. Similarly, the mean values of the extent of the use of telephone calls and personal letters being used for diffusion of agricultural technologies among the farming community were 2.49 and 2.45 and ranked as 5th and 6th in order of precedence, respectively. It is therefore, suggested that farm visits, demonstrations and home visits may be used for diffusion of the latest agricultural technologies among the farming community to increase production of crops and thus improve living standard of the people.