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Expectations play important roles in consumers’ purchase decisions. Among many types of expectations, consumers often form expectations on future market conditions when purchasing goods or services. This study develops a multiple-selves intertemporal choice model for such expectation-based purchase decisions, incorporating behavioral factors such as present-biased preferences into the model. An analysis based on the model shows that consumers adopt a threshold perception-perfect strategy when making purchase decisions and the threshold depends on values of model parameters that capture expectations on key market conditions. Different consumers often have different parameter values, leading to heterogeneous behavior. The study further applies the model to explain observations from medical service consumption data during the COVID-19 pandemic, and shows that the expectation-based purchase model provides a sound explanation for the observed heterogeneous purchase decisions across individuals with different incomes and health insurance status.

In today’s interconnected economy, participation in global value chains (GVCs) has become essential for firms seeking international competitiveness and economic sustainability. This is particularly relevant for emerging economies like Saudi Arabia that are pursuing economic diversification strategies. However, the relationship between external market conditions and global trade integration remains unclear, especially regarding how technological advancement influences this relationship. This study investigates how technological progress mediates the effect of external market drivers—including economic stability, regulatory compliance, technological resources, cultural adaptation, and environmental policies—on GVC participation in Saudi Arabia. Using a quantitative approach, we collected survey data from 178 key decision makers and leaders across multiple sectors involved in strategic innovation and global market integration. Analysis using partial least squares structural equation modeling revealed that external market drivers significantly influence GVC participation (β = 0.739, p < 0.01), with technological advancement playing a substantial mediating role (β = 0.460, p < 0.01). Environmental policies and technological resources demonstrated direct effects on GVC participation, while regulatory compliance was fully mediated by technological advancement. These findings contribute to understanding how digital transformation enables trade integration in emerging economies. The results provide practical insights for policymakers and business leaders, highlighting the importance of investing in digital infrastructure and technology-enabled trade facilitation to enhance global competitiveness in an increasingly digital trade environment.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and propose an integrated model of marketing knowledge from a tacit knowledge management perspective. This paper further aims at developing a linkage between explicit knowledge perspective (internal and external marketing) and tacit knowledge orientation of an organization, leading to improved business success. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a conceptual model showing the integration of the internal, tacit and explicit knowledge perspectives that results in improved business success. The proposed model and associated propositions are drawn from the synthesis of relevant knowledge and marketing literature. Findings Five major associated propositions are offered in the paper, which inform both scholars and practitioners about what constitutes a holistic market orientation and how organizations can achieve business success by adopting both an internal and external orientation to tacit and explicit knowledge management. Originality/value The model makes an original contribution to theoretical and organizational marketing management knowledge. It does this by extending the conceptual and operational boundaries of existing models of internal and external marketing, aimed at helping organizations achieve competitive advantage and business success.

It has become a common way for enterprises to use external knowledge to reduce the development bottleneck caused by internal resource constraints. How does external knowledge develop inside enterprises and then promote the innovation performance? Drawing upon resource-based view and dynamic capability theory, this study proposes a chain mediation model of how firms’ opportunity identification and R&D, as two distinctive microfoundations of dynamic capabilities, mediate the relationship between external knowledge acquisition and firms’ innovation performance. Through the questionnaire survey of Chinese high-tech enterprises, the results show that both external market knowledge acquisition and external technological knowledge acquisition influence the level of opportunity identification and internal R&D activities, so that the internal knowledge base of the enterprise can be updated or reconstructed, and the innovation performance can be improved. This further confirms that enterprises transform external knowledge with the role of dynamic capabilities, which enriches the research on open innovation from the perspective of dynamic capabilities. Plain Language Summary How external knowledge acquisition contribute to innovation performance The single-use of resource-based view makes it difficult to explain how external knowledge acquisition enhances innovation performance. Drawing upon resource-based view and dynamic capability theory, this study proposes a chain mediation model of how firms’ opportunity identification and internal R&D, as two distinctive microfoundations of dynamic capabilities, mediate the relationship between external knowledge acquisition and firms’ innovation performance. Through the questionnaire survey of Chinese high-tech enterprises, the hierarchical regression results show that both external market knowledge acquisition and external technological knowledge acquisition influence the level of opportunity identification and internal R&D activities, so that the internal knowledge base of the enterprise can be updated or reconstructed, and the innovation performance can be improved. This further confirms that enterprises transform external knowledge with the role of dynamic capabilities, which enriches the research on open innovation from the perspective of dynamic capabilities.

Similar patterns can be observed in post-WWII US business cycles. The initial upswings tend to be led by household investment and debt-financed personal consumption expenditures, which then wane in relative importance, and lead downswings. As those expenditures are financed in significant part by money creation, they function as an external market—driving accumulation by enabling monetary profit realisation—in a way analogous to Rosa Luxemburg’s treatment of the public and foreign sectors. Empirical studies on wage-led/profit-led demand regimes typically exclude household investment or include it in with business investment. This paper argues that it is vital to distinguish an independent role for ‘semi-autonomous’ household expenditures as a driver of effective demand and cyclical dynamics. The failure to do so in empirical studies sustains misleading conclusions such as the perceived relevance of Goodwin-type profit squeeze cycles.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of internal market orientation on the adoption of external market orientation among the retail banks in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study adds to the previous research regarding external market orientation. It also develops an empirical model on the basis of the results. Design/methodology/approach This study used a self-administered structured questionnaire to collect data from the front-line marketing and non-marketing employees from the banks. Data were collected from 98 branches of all the 49 banks that operate in the UAE. Two major emirates of the UAE, namely, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, were considered for data collection. Each bank contributed responses from a minimum of two branches, and 113 completed questionnaires were received out of 196 respondents approached for data collection. The reliability, convergent and discriminant validity issues of the data were assessed, and the results of these confirmed the appropriateness of the data used in this study. Findings Direct entry regression and multivariate analysis of variance were used for identifying the conclusions surrounding the hypotheses of the study. The results measured the extent of internal market orientation and employees’ organisational commitment. They both confirmed their positive role on the adoption of external market orientations among the retail banks in the UAE. The results of the study further provided evidence that once an external market orientation focus is adopted, this benefits customer loyalty and satisfaction in addition to overall positive business outcomes for the banks concerned. Originality/value The findings of this study support the theoretical arguments of the role of employees and internal market orientation on the adoption of external market orientation. This study further identifies the reason why the adoption of external market orientation is critical for the success of banks.

At the present time on the background of the stagnation of the professional consulting services market, the potential capacity of this market is rather sufficient to be attractive for investments. On the basis of the survey according to the representative selection of consulting companies and representatives of small and medium-sized business of the SE RT (South-East of the Republic of Tatarstan), the spread between the demand and the supply on the regional market of consulting services was revealed. The market of consulting services in Almetyevsk was analyzed. Based on the obtained results, offers on using the potential of the regional market of consulting services and decreasing the stable \"spread\" between the demand and the supply were presented.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of internal and external market orientations on monetary and non-monetary performances of non-conventional Islamic financial institutions. This study further aimed at proposing a conceptual framework, testing it and examining relationships among the variables. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were collected from 132 branches of 11 non-conventional financial institutions in Bangladesh using a closed-ended questionnaire. The study considered a structural equation modeling approach for testing the proposed model. A two-step procedure was used for this purpose. First, a measurement model was analyzed through a confirmatory factor analysis; second, the structured model was evaluated to examine relationships between the constructs. Data used in this study confirmed the adequate reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. Findings The results of the study met the expectations and provided an evidence that both monetary and non-monetary business performances are functions of internal and external market orientations’ efforts. As the results are reported, all three components of internal market orientation, e.g. internal intelligence generation, dissemination and responsiveness, were found to be statistically significant and positively related to monetary and non-monetary performances, except internal intelligence responsiveness with employees’ team spirits. The study also revealed a significant relationship between all three external market orientation components, and business performance, except external intelligence responsiveness, was not found to have a significant relationship with team spirit and customer retention. The results, however, imply that the performance of non-conventional financial institutions is an integrated effort of both internal and external orientations rather than using a single approach. Originality/value Findings of this study support the theoretical arguments that non-conventional financial institutions can be successful in attaining all types of performances by initiating and adopting internal and external market-oriented activities. The study further argues the importance of the activities under each market orientation component and suggests non-conventional financial institutions to promote such an initiative if they are to be consistent in their performances.

The topic of job mobility has received increasing attention in recent years. Yet, surprising in light of the wealth of research on social networks and job attainment, we do not have a unified model of the impact of different kinds of social contacts on job search success. In this paper I show that contacts are differently beneficial for job seekers depending on the stage of the job search process that job seekers are engaged in. Specifically, three stages of the job search process can be distinguished in which social contacts fulfill different roles for the job seekers: deciding the types of jobs for which to apply, submitting job applications, and preparing for interviews. I propose that contacts who are spread across different occupations are conducive to applying to more types of jobs, yet it is contacts who are more focused across occupations that are beneficial for being invited to more interviews—relative to the number of job types applied for—and for converting the interviews into offers. In addition, contacts with lower relationship depth with the job seeker are more helpful for getting invited to interviews, whereas contacts who have more frequent interactions with the job seeker are more helpful for converting interviews into offers. Analyses using a unique longitudinal data set on the job searches of 226 participants in an MBA program offer robust evidence in support of the hypotheses. The results suggest that external mobility is best enabled when job seekers engage with—and learn from—different kinds of contacts across stages of the job search process.

The article is devoted to a comparative research of the demand on business education services from the enterprises, which are engaged in foreign economic activity in the Marche region (Italy) and Sverdlovsk region (Russia) as these regions develop long-term economic cooperation. For corporate development, in the conditions of limited demand in domestic market, the Italian and Russian enterprises have to expand export activity and follow the strategy of internationalization of business, which can be effectively realized at the appropriate business education of personnel. The authors analyze the problems and challenges that companies face while going abroad. Regular business education of the personnel is identified as the most efficient way for overcoming emerging issues. During business education, employees of companies receive necessary knowledge, skills, competences and tools for the work in foreign markets. The authors apply one of the methods of demand market research — in-depth interview. We arranged focus groups and interviews with entrepreneurs, employees, carrying out export-import transactions during the internationalization process, as well as with university professors, and Non-Governmental Organizations’ representatives who further were asked to make their expert evaluation. During the research, the authors identified factors determining the demand on business education during internationalization; proposed the classification of companies depending on their business educational goals and internationalization levels; determined the priorities in the topics of educational programmes for the personnel of the firms participating in the foreign economic activity. On the basis of the received results, we have created recommendations for providers of business education on the offer of the educational programmes, which are the most satisfying the demand of the companies participating in the internationalization process.