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There is evidence that warming leads to greater evapotranspiration and surface drying, thus contributing to increasing intensity and duration of drought and implying that mitigation would reduce water stresses. However, understanding the overall impact of climate change mitigation on water resources requires accounting for the second part of the equation, i.e., the impact of mitigation-induced changes in water demands from human activities. By using integrated, high-resolution models of human and natural system processes to understand potential synergies and/or constraints within the climate–energy–water nexus, we show that in the United States, over the course of the 21st century and under one set of consistent socioeconomics, the reductions in water stress from slower rates of climate change resulting from emission mitigation are overwhelmed by the increased water stress from the emissions mitigation itself. The finding that the human dimension outpaces the benefits from mitigating climate change is contradictory to the general perception that climate change mitigation improves water conditions. This research shows the potential for unintended and negative consequences of climate change mitigation.

\"Measurement, analysis and modeling of extreme precipitation events linked to floods is vital in understanding changing climate impacts and variability. This book provides methods for assessment of the trends in these events and their impacts. It also provides a basis to develop procedures and guidelines for climate-adaptive hydrologic engineering. Academic researchers in the fields of hydrology, climate change, meteorology, environmental policy and risk assessment, and professionals and policy-makers working in hazard mitigation, water resources engineering and climate adaptation will find this an invaluable resource. This volume is the first in a collection of four books on flood disaster management theory and practice within the context of anthropogenic climate change. The others are: Floods in a Changing Climate: Hydrological Modeling by P. P. Mujumdar and D. Nagesh Kumar, Floods in a Changing Climate: Inundation Modeling by Giuliano Di Baldassarre and Floods in a Changing Climate: Risk Management by Slodoban Simonoviâc\"-- Provided by publisher.

Lateral inhomogeneity in the Earth’s mantle affects the tidal response. The current study reformulates the expressions for estimating the lateral inhomogeneity effects on tidal gravity with respect to the unperturbed Earth and supplements some critical derivation process to enhance the methodology. The effects of lateral inhomogeneity are calculated using several real Earth models. By considering the collective contributions of seismic wave velocity disturbances and density disturbance, the global theoretical changes of semidiurnal gravimetric factor are obtained, which vary from − 0.22 to 0.22% compared to those in a layered Earth model, about 1/2 of the ellipticity’s effect. The gravity changes caused by lateral-inhomogeneous disturbances are also computed and turn out to be up to 0.16% compared to the changes caused by tide-generating potential. The current study compares the influences of lateral inhomogeneity with rotation and ocean tide loading. The results indicate that the rotation and ellipticity on tidal gravity are the most dominant factors, the ocean tide loading is the moderate one, and the lateral inhomogeneity in the mantle has the least significant influence. Moreover, an anti-correlation between the effective elastic thickness and gravimetric factor change caused by lateral inhomogeneity is found, implying that it is difficult to generate tidal response at regions with high rigidity. We argue that the gravimetric factor change can be used as an effective indicator for lithospheric strength.

\"Various modeling methodologies are available to aid planning and operational decision making: this book synthesises these, with an emphasis on methodologies applicable in data scarce regions, such as developing countries. Problems included in each chapter, and supported by links to available online data sets and modeling tools, engage the reader with practical applications of the models. Academic researchers in the fields of hydrology, climate change, and environmental science and hazards, and professionals and policy-makers working in hazard mitigation, remote sensing and hydrological engineering will find this an invaluable resource. This volume is the second in a collection of four books on flood disaster management theory and practice within the context of anthropogenic climate change. The others are: Floods in a Changing Climate: Extreme Precipitation by Ramesh Teegavarapu, Floods in a Changing Climate: Inundation Modelling by Giuliano Di Baldassarre and Floods in a Changing Climate: Risk Management by Slodoban Simonoviâc\"-- Provided by publisher.

Oil and gas extraction is difficult without understanding the subsurface formation up to the desired depth. Wellbore instability, such as lost circulation and pipe sticking, is an issue when drilling a well for a high-temperature, high-pressure reservoir. To maintain the stability of the borehole, optimum drilling mud should be simulated by preventing formation fracture or formation break-out. The main goal of this work is to propose a model with a 3D extended Mohr–Coulomb criterion that helps to achieve maximum wellbore stability using drilling fluid weight as a controlling parameter. This criterion includes the effect of the intermediate principal stress as a linear relation of principal stresses. this study also validated the extended Mohr–Coulomb criterion for in situ failure. To implement a new criterion on the wellbore for stability, a numerical mechanical earth model (NMEM) is developed as an empirical correlation of the wire-line well-log data. The mud weight is calculated using mechanical parameters derived from NMEM and lithology. The pore pressure, fracture pressure, and stress profile were also predicted by this NMEM, which gives insights into the subsurface formation's faulting regime. To achieve maximum wellbore stability, optimum mud weight is recommended based on the stress profile and faulting regime. One onshore and one offshore well is taken as a case study from the online dataset via the Dutch Oil and Gas Portal (NLOG) to simulate the NMEM. Mud weight using Mohr–Coulomb and Mogi–Coulomb criteria was also used to compare mud weight predicted by the proposed new 3D linear failure criterion. The treading line for the mud weight by the new 3D linear criterion is more accurate as a new criterion considering the effect of σ2. The new criterion has been proved to be more specific, easy to compute, and a unique solution for estimating parameters using NMEM. This NMEM, which includes a new linear 3D criterion, can also solve sand production issues, hydrofracturing, and CO2 sequestration.HighlightsA study about safe mud weight prediction using the new Extended Mohr–Coulomb criterion to prevent break-out and drilling-induced fracture with all six combinations of stress regimes.A numerical mechanical earth model is developed to stimulate appropriated reservoir conditions from actual well-log data.The prediction of mud weight to maintain wellbore stability is further compared with the Mohr–Coulomb and Mogi–Coulomb criteria results.A new 3D criterion with a numerical earth model has the potential to solve sand production issues and is also helpful for modeling hydrofracturing and CO2 sequestration.

Based on the elastic spherical Earth models, this study presents the radial Love numbers and Green’s functions of the surface load problem, then evaluates the effect of different Earth models on the Coulomb stress changes due to elastic deformation by surface load. First of all, the radial load Love numbers are introduced and verified by comparing them with the results of an analytical method. Second, the formulae of the radial Green’s functions of the internal displacements and strain tensors are obtained by summing the Love numbers. The results are compared with Green’s function of half-space to verify the correctness. Then, the stress tensors are obtained by the constitutive relation. Finally, the Coulomb stress changes due to elastic deformation around the Wenchuan Mw7.9 earthquake by the impoundment load of the Zipingpu reservoir are calculated based on five Earth models. The results show that the elastic deformations caused by the impoundment load do not increase the seismicity rate in the study area. At the epicenter of the great event, the maximum effect due to the Earth models is about 38%. The stratification of the Earth is the main effect factor on the Coulomb stress change, and it should not be ignored in actual studies. The biggest difference of Coulomb stress changes based on the different stratified Earth models is close to 15%, which also cannot be ignored.

This study employed an extensive wellbore stability (WBS) analysis through the utilization of a one-dimensional (1D) mechanical earth model (MEM). Meticulous scrutiny was conducted on conventional wellbore log data derived from the Digboi oil field in the Upper Assam region within the northern Himalayas, taking into account the inherent anisotropic characteristics. A notable aspect of this investigation contributed in its integration of insights obtained from both static and cyclic assessments conducted on Tipam sandstone. The resulting model synthesized a wide array of factors, including parameters such as density, porosity, fracture systems, pore pressures, stress conditions, and the mechanical properties of rocks. This comprehensive approach assisted in the comprehension of reservoir stress dynamics and instability. A significant contribution of this endeavor pertained to the pioneering synthesis of findings gleaned from cyclic and static evaluations of Tipam sandstone. The culmination of these insights enabled the calibration and validation of the 1D model through rigorous comparisons with results obtained from rock laboratory experiments and log data. This innovative methodology serves to advance understanding of rock properties and behavior within complex subsurface environments.

Based on a spherically symmetric, self-gravitating viscoelastic Earth model, we derive a complete set of Green’s functions for the post-seismic surface strain changes for four independent dislocation sources: strike-slip, dip-slip, and horizontal and vertical tensile point sources. The post-seismic surface strain changes caused by an arbitrary earthquake can be obtained by a combination of the above Green’s functions. The post-seismic surface strain changes in the near field agree well with the results calculated by the method in a half-space Earth model (Wang et al. in Comupt Geosci 32:527–541, 2006), which verifies our Green’s functions. With an increase in the epicentral distance, the effect of the curvature on both the co- and post-seismic strain changes clearly increases, revealing the importance of our spherical theory for far-field calculations. Next, we use our Green’s functions to simulate the post-seismic surface strain changes that were caused by the viscoelastic relaxation of the mantle over the 6-year period after the Tohoku-Oki Mw 9.0 earthquake. Based on continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations around Honshu Island of Japan, Northeastern China, South Korea and the Russian Far East, we also deduce the post-seismic strain changes caused by the Tohoku-Oki Mw 9.0 earthquake. Overall, the distributions of the calculated and GPS-derived strain changes agree well each other. Finally, we compare the relative error between the observed and simulated strain changes over the 3.0–4.5-year period after the earthquake in both the near and far field. We find that the relative errors decrease as the epicentral distance increases, which validates our Green’s functions for research in the far field.