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Earth
\"Discover the secrets of life on our planet and learn how animals, plants, and the environment interact\"--Cover.
Book
Rare Earth Frontiers : From Terrestrial Subsoils to Lunar Landscapes
Rare Earth Frontiers is a work of human geography that serves to demystify the powerful elements that make possible the miniaturization of electronics, green energy and medical technologies, and essential telecommunications and defense systems. Julie Michelle Klinger draws attention to the fact that the rare earths we rely on most are as common as copper or lead, and this means the implications of their extraction are global. Klinger excavates the rich historical origins and ongoing ramifications of the quest to mine rare earths in ever more impossible places. Klinger writes about the devastating damage to lives and the environment caused by the exploitation of rare earths. She demonstrates in human terms how scarcity myths have been conscripted into diverse geopolitical campaigns that use rare earth mining as a pretext to capture spaces that have historically fallen beyond the grasp of centralized power. These include legally and logistically forbidding locations in the Amazon, Greenland, and Afghanistan, and on the Moon. Drawing on ethnographic, archival, and interview data gathered in local languages and offering possible solutions to the problems it documents, this book examines the production of the rare earth frontier as a place, a concept, and a zone of contestation, sacrifice, and transformation.
eBook
Fault lines
Earth's fractured geology is visible in its fault lines. It is along these lines that earthquakes occur, sometimes with disastrous effects. These disturbances can significantly influence urban development, as seen in the aftermath of two earthquakes in Messina, Italy, in 1908 and in the Belice Valley, Sicily, in 1968. Following the history of these places before and after their destruction, this book explores plans and developments that preceded the disasters and the urbanism that emerged from the ruins. These stories explore fault lines between \"rural\" and \"urban,\" \"backwardness\" and \"development,\" and \"before\" and \"after,\" shedding light on the role of environmental forces in the history of human habitats.
eBook
Depth-varying rupture properties of subduction zone megathrust faults
Subduction zone plate boundary megathrust faults accommodate relative plate motions with spatially varying sliding behavior. The 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman (Mw 9.2), 2010 Chile (Mw 8.8), and 2011 Tohoku (Mw9.0) great earthquakes had similar depth variations in seismic wave radiation across their wide rupture zones – coherent teleseismic short‐period radiation preferentially emanated from the deeper portion of the megathrusts whereas the largest fault displacements occurred at shallower depths but produced relatively little coherent short‐period radiation. We represent these and other depth‐varying seismic characteristics with four distinct failure domains extending along the megathrust from the trench to the downdip edge of the seismogenic zone. We designate the portion of the megathrust less than 15 km below the ocean surface as domain A, the region of tsunami earthquakes. From 15 to ∼35 km deep, large earthquake displacements occur over large‐scale regions with only modest coherent short‐period radiation, in what we designate as domain B. Rupture of smaller isolated megathrust patches dominate in domain C, which extends from ∼35 to 55 km deep. These isolated patches produce bursts of coherent short‐period energy both in great ruptures and in smaller, sometimes repeating, moderate‐size events. For the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, the sites of coherent teleseismic short‐period radiation are close to areas where local strong ground motions originated. Domain D, found at depths of 30–45 km in subduction zones where relatively young oceanic lithosphere is being underthrust with shallow plate dip, is represented by the occurrence of low‐frequency earthquakes, seismic tremor, and slow slip events in a transition zone to stable sliding or ductile flow below the seismogenic zone.
Key Points
Seismic radiation from megathrust earthquake rupture varies with depth
A 4‐domain model of radiation segmentation is introduced for megathrusts
Strong‐ground motions originate from the down‐dip region
Journal Article
Earth
Examines the planet Earth, including its geology, atmosphere, climate, seasons, moon, and its place in the solar system and the universe.
Book
I love our Earth
Photographs of people and places from around the world reflect our shared connection with the planet.
Book
Measured spin–orbit alignment of ultra-short-period super-Earth 55 Cancri e
A planet’s orbital alignment places important constraints on how a planet formed and consequently evolved. The dominant formation pathway of ultra-short-period planets (P < 1 day) is particularly mysterious as such planets most likely formed further out, and it is not well understood what drove their migration inwards to their current positions. Measuring the orbital alignment is difficult for smaller super-Earth/sub-Neptune planets, which give rise to smaller amplitude signals. Here we present radial velocities across two transits of 55 Cancri (Cnc) e, an ultra-short-period super-Earth, observed with the Extreme Precision Spectrograph. Using the classical Rossiter–McLaughlin method, we measure 55 Cnc e’s sky-projected stellar spin–orbit alignment (that is, the projected angle between the planet’s orbital axis and its host star’s spin axis) to be λ=10+17∘−20∘ with an unprojected angle of ψ=23+14∘−12∘. The best-fit Rossiter–McLaughlin model to the Extreme Precision Spectrograph data has a radial velocity semi-amplitude of just 0.41+0.09−0.10 m s−1. The spin–orbit alignment of 55 Cnc e favours dynamically gentle migration theories for ultra-short-period planets, namely tidal dissipation through low-eccentricity planet–planet interactions and/or planetary obliquity tides.Measurements of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect for the ultra-short-period super-Earth 55 Cancri e reveal a signal with a semi-amplitude of 0.41+0.09-0.10 m s−1, in close alignment with its star and potentially misaligned with the other planets in the system. Such a configuration favours a non-violent migration pathway for 55 Cnc e.
Journal Article