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The dynamics of risk: changing technologies and collective action in seismic events
Earthquakes are a huge global threat. In thirty-six countries, severe seismic risks threaten populations and their increasingly interdependent systems of transportation, communication, energy, and finance. in this important book, the author provides an unprecedented examination of how twelve communities in nine countries responded to destructive earthquakes between 1999 and 2015. And many of the book's lessons can also be applied to other large-scale risks. This book sets the global problem of seismic risk in the framework of complex adaptive systems to explore how the consequences of such events ripple across jurisdictions, communities, and organizations in complex societies, triggering unexpected alliances but also exposing social, economic, and legal gaps. This book assesses how the networks of organizations involved in response and recovery adapted and acted collectively after the twelve earthquakes it examines. It describes how advances in information technology enabled some communities to anticipate seismic risk better and to manage response and recovery operations more effectively, decreasing losses. Finally, the book shows why investing substantively in global information infrastructure would create shared awareness of seismic risk and make postdisaster relief more effective and less expensive. The result is a landmark study of how to improve the way we prepare for and respond to earthquakes and other disasters in our ever-more-complex world.
Book
Migration of Multimodal Deep Crustal Earthquake Swarm Beneath the Abu Volcano Group, Japan
Earthquakes in the lower crust, where high pressures and temperatures favor ductile deformation, are rare but occasionally occur beneath active volcanic centers, providing insights into deep magmatic processes. We analyze a deep crustal earthquake swarm (February–August 2025) of over 5,000 events beneath the Abu Volcano Group, Japan. Using spectral characteristics, we distinguish deep low‐frequency earthquakes (DLFEs) from volcano‐tectonic events and identify several anti‐repeating pairs. All events are relocated with cross‐correlation and a double‐difference algorithm, revealing a complex multi‐cluster fault network comprising a steeply dipping conduit and sub‐horizontal fault strands. DLFEs migrate upward at ∼0.3 km/day along the conduit, suggesting fluid or magma ascent that triggers overlying brittle failure. Anti‐repeating earthquakes indicate small‐scale stress heterogeneity within adjacent fault patches. These observations elucidate the interplay between deep fluid migration, stress variability, and faulting mechanisms, providing a framework to interpret precursory deep volcanic seismicity and the structural controls governing deep crustal earthquake swarms.
Journal Article
Earthquake and disaster risk : decade retrospective of the Wenchuan earthquake
This book presents review papers and research articles focusing on the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China, discussing cross-disciplinary and multiple thematic aspects of modern seismological, geophysical, geological and stochastic methodology and technology. Resulting from international and regional earthquake research and disaster mitigation collaborations, and written by international authors from multiple institutions and disciplines, it describes methods and techniques in earthquake science based on investigations of the Wenchuan earthquake. It also includes extensive reference lists to aid further research.
Book
Deep Long‐Period Earthquakes at Akutan Volcano From 2005 to 2017 Better Track Magma Influxes Compared to Volcano‐Tectonic Earthquakes
Both volcano‐tectonic (VTs) and deep long‐period earthquakes (DLPs) have been documented at Akutan Volcano, Alaska and may reflect different active processes helpful for eruption forecasting. In this study, we perform high‐resolution earthquake detection, classification, and relocation using seismic data from 2005 to 2017 to investigate their relationship with underlying magmatic processes. We find that the 2,787 VTs and 787 DLPs are concentrated above and below the inferred magma reservoir respectively. They both are clustered as swarms and occur preferentially during inflation episodes with no spatial migrations. However, moment release rates of DLP swarms show a stronger correlation with inflation and their low‐frequency content is likely a source instead of a path effect. Therefore, we infer that DLPs are directly related to unsteady magma movement through a complex pathway. In comparison, repeating events are observed in VTs. Thus, we conclude that they represent fault rupture triggered by magma/fluid movement or larger earthquakes. Plain Language Summary Volcano eruption forecasting is a challenging task that often requires the deciphering of processes underlying observed signs of volcanic unrest. As seismometers become common monitoring sensors on volcanoes, the recorded ground motion is valuable for scientists to study eruption precursors. Earthquakes are commonly observed and generally inferred to be associated with stress perturbations in the shallow crust. However, earthquakes with predominantly lower‐frequency energy are sometimes observed at depth and their origin is enigmatic. In this paper, we use the existing catalog of earthquakes at Akutan Volcano in Alaska between 2005 and 2017 as templates to successfully detect more earthquakes before locating them with higher precision. We find that earthquakes at Akutan Volcano tend to occur in swarms during times when the ground inflates due to magma accumulation beneath the volcano. Some earthquakes have predominantly low‐frequency energy which suggests a different source mechanism compared to regular earthquakes. Furthermore, the largest events are more strongly correlated with surface inflation. Therefore, we conclude that these lower‐frequency earthquakes are more directly related to unsteady magma movement through a complex pathway compared to regular earthquakes which represent fault rupture triggered by magma/fluid movement or larger earthquakes. Key Points Moment release rates of deep long‐period events correlate more strongly with inflation episodes compared to volcano‐tectonic events Akutan deep long‐period earthquakes are likely due to non‐stationary source effects like unsteady magma transport through complex pathways Akutan volcano‐tectonic earthquakes represent fault ruptures triggered by magma/fluid movements or larger earthquakes
Journal Article
Eerie earthquakes
\"Discusses the science behind earthquakes and what to do to stay safe from them\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Harvesting Haiti
This collection ponders the personal and political
implications for Haitians at home and abroad resulting from the
devastating 2010 earthquake. The 7.0 magnitude earthquake
that struck Haiti in January 2010 was a debilitating event that
followed decades of political, social, and financial issues.
Leaving over 250,000 people dead, 300,000 injured, and 1.5 million
people homeless, the earthquake has had lasting repercussions on a
struggling nation. As the post-earthquake political situation
unfolded, Myriam Chancy worked to illuminate on-the-ground
concerns, from the vulnerable position of Haitian women to the
failures of international aid. Originally presented at invited
campus talks, published as columns for a newspaper in Trinidad and
Tobago, and circulated in other ways, her essays and creative
responses preserve the reactions and urgencies of the years
following the disaster.
In Harvesting Haiti , Chancy examines the structures
that have resulted in Haiti's post-earthquake conditions and
reflects at key points after the earthquake on its effects on
vulnerable communities. Her essays make clear the importance of
sustaining and supporting the dignity of Haitian lives and of
creating a better, contextualized understanding of the issues that
mark Haitians' historical and present realities, from gender parity
to the vexed relationship between Haiti and the Dominican
Republic.
eBook
Destructive impact of successive high magnitude earthquakes occurred in Türkiye’s Kahramanmaraş on February 6, 2023
Two successive earthquakes with moment magnitudes of M
w
= 7.7 (focal depth = 8.6 km) and M
w
= 7.6 (focal depth = 7 km) occurred approximately within 9 h on February 6, 2023, in Türkiye, respectively. The epicenters were the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş. Both earthquakes occurred in the East Anatolian Fault Zone, one of Türkiye’s two major active fault systems. Between these two severe earthquakes, there was one more big aftershock with a moment magnitude of 6.6, the epicenter of which was in the Nurdağı District of Gaziantep. Then, on February 20, 2023, another aftershock earthquake with a magnitude of M
w
= 6.4 occurred in Yayladağı district of Hatay. As a result of the earthquakes, severe damage occurred in several provinces and districts with a population of around 15 million, and more than 50,000 people have lost their lives. This study presents on-site geotechnical and structural investigations by a team of researchers after the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. It summarizes the performance of the building environments as a result of on-site assessments, taking into account observed structural damage, local site conditions, and strong ground motion data. The possible causes of the observed damage are addressed in detail. These earthquakes once again revealed the common deficiencies of existing reinforced concrete structures in Türkiye, such as poor material quality, poor workmanship, unsuitability of reinforcement detailing, and inadequate earthquake-resistant construction techniques. Precast concrete and masonry structures in the region were also severely damaged during the earthquakes due to insufficient engineering service, poor materials, deficiencies during construction, etc.
Journal Article
A Multiplex Rupture Sequence Under Complex Fault Network Due To Preceding Earthquake Swarms During the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula, Japan, Earthquake
A devastating earthquake with moment magnitude 7.5 occurred in the Noto Peninsula in central Japan on 1 January 2024. We estimate the rupture evolution of this earthquake from teleseismic P‐wave data using the potency‐density tensor inversion method, which provides information on the spatiotemporal slip distribution including fault orientations. The results show a long and quiet initial rupture phase that overlaps with regions of preceding earthquake swarms and associated aseismic deformation. The following three major rupture episodes evolve on segmented, differently oriented faults bounded by the initial rupture region. The irregular initial rupture process followed by the multi‐scale rupture growth is considered to be controlled by the preceding seismic and aseismic processes and the geometric complexity of the fault system. Such a discrete rupture scenario, including the triggering of an isolated fault rupture, adds critical inputs on the assessment of strong ground motion and associated damages for future earthquakes. Plain Language Summary On 1 January 2024, a moment magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred in the northern Noto Peninsula, Japan. The strong ground motion and tsunami associated with the earthquake caused severe damage to buildings and infrastructure, resulting in at least 245 causalities in the affected areas. The Noto Peninsula is affected by northwest‐southeast compression, and active reverse faults are known along the northern coast of the peninsula and its offshore region. Before the 2024 earthquake, the source region experienced long‐lasting earthquake swarm activity, which is a set of seismic events without an obvious mainshock‐aftershock pattern. Our seismological analysis found that there was a 10‐s‐long initial rupture episode around the hypocenter that overlapped with the earthquake swarm region. The initial rupture was followed by a series of three different rupture episodes on differently oriented fault segments. This earthquake highlights a multi‐scale rupture growth across a segmented fault network after a very quiet initial rupture process that was controlled by the preceding earthquake swarms and associated aseismic deformation related to fluid injection from depth. The rupture process advances our understanding of earthquake source physics and can lead to a better assessment of future earthquake hazards. Key Points The 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake involves a multi‐segmented rupture sequence on differently oriented faults The long and quiet initial rupture domain coincides with the preceding earthquake swarm region Fluid‐induced earthquake swarms and a segmented fault network control the complex earthquake rupture growth
Journal Article