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"Earthwork."
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The characteristics of PM emissions from construction sites during the earthwork and foundation stages: an empirical study evidence
The bulk of the particulate matter (PM) emissions generated during construction projects are significantly released during the earthwork and foundation stages. To reduce and control these emissions, it is necessary to have reliable data on their characteristics. However, construction PM are poorly characterized because their composition depends on several factors (e.g., weather and reduction measures) and various on-site activities whose effects may interact. To address these challenges, a long-term quantitative empirical study using advanced statistical methods was performed on a real construction project during the whole earthwork and foundation stages. The upwind-downwind method was used to collect data on PM emissions throughout the earthwork and foundation construction process, and correlation analysis, paired samples
t
-test, and partial least squares regression (PLS) were used to analyze TSP, PM
10
, and PM
2.5
emissions and their relationships with various influencing factors. The results showed that both earthwork and foundation constructions generate substantial PM emissions because there were differences with statistical significances in the PM levels measured upwind and downwind of the construction site. TSP and PM
10
emissions correlated moderately with humidity and wind speed. However, temperature and atmospheric pressure did not correlate significantly with any of the measured emissions. The main activities responsible for PM emissions during the earthwork and foundation construction stages were hammer piling, waste stacking, and materials transportation. Water spraying was found to effectively reduce TSP and PM
10
emissions, while the use of a fog cannon more effectively reduced PM
2.5
emissions. Construction PM is an important source of atmospheric pollution in cities; the findings presented herein provide cornerstone and knowledge to guide efforts for reducing its impact.
Journal Article
The permaculture earthworks handbook : how to design and build swales, dams, ponds, and other water harvesting systems
In the face of drought and desertification, well-designed, water harvesting earthworks such as swales, ponds, and dams are the most effective way to channel water into productive use. The permaculture earthworks handbook is the first dedicated, detailed guide to the proper design and construction of water harvesting earthworks. It covers the function, design, and construction methods for nine main types of water harvesting earthworks across a full range of climates. This practical handbook is the essential resource for permaculture designers, teachers and students, landowners, farmers, homesteaders, landscape architects, and others involved in maximizing the water harvesting potential of any landscape at the lowest cost and impact--Back cover.
BOOK
La Arqueología Urbana de Buenos Aires
This book analyzes the process of formation of the urban land of Buenos Aires. The use of garbage and rubbish in large quantities is analyzed and three case-studies are considered: the town of Belgrano and its garbage dumps, the construction fills with rubble and the areas whose level has been lowered.
eBook
Diggers and cranes
Provides facts about such excavating machinery as diggers, cranes, bulldozers, and tunnel boring machines.
Book
The Ethics of Earth Art
The Ethics of Earth Art analyzes the development of the earth art movement, arguing that artists are connected through their elucidation of the earth as a domain of ethical concern. Revealing the fundamental difference between the human world and the earth, Amanda Boetzkes shows that earth art mediates the sensations of nature while allowing nature itself to remain irreducible to human signification.
eBook
Landfills
An introduction to the need for, workings of, and problems related to sanitary landfills.
BOOK
Possibilities of Using UAV for Estimating Earthwork Volumes during Process of Repairing a Small-Scale Forest Road, Case Study from Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
Although forest road networks are an important infrastructure for forestry, recreation, and sustainable forest management, they have a considerable effect on the environment. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the various benefits and associated costs of road network construction is needed. The cost of earthwork in road construction can be estimated based on the change in topography before and after construction. However, accurate estimation of the earthwork volume may not be possible on steep terrain where soil placement is limited. In this study, an unmanned aerial vehicle was flown under the tree canopy six times during a road repair work to measure the changes in topography using structure from motion analysis. Comparing the obtained 3D model with the measurement results from the total station, the average vertical error and root mean square error were −0.146 m and 0.098 m, respectively, suggesting its good accuracy for measuring an earthwork volume. Compared to the amount of earthwork estimated from the topographic changes before and after the repair work, the actual earthwork volume was 3.5 times greater for cutting and 1.9 times greater for filling. This method can be used to calculate the earthwork volume accurately for designing forest road networks on steep terrain.
Journal Article
Groundwater lowering in construction : a practical guide to dewatering
Many engineering construction projects entail excavations into water bearing substrates. The authors explain the drainage techniques required to lower groundwater sufficiently to allow projects to be undertaken with confidence.
Book
Towards Developing a Robust Optimization Model of Earthwork Allocations in Roadway Projects
This study employs the robust optimization approach to modify the programming model of earthwork allocations in conventional road construction. Parameter uncertainties could lead to a difference between the problem solution and the optimal solution or prevent the solution’s feasibility. The proposed model considers the potential uncertainties in borrow pit and disposal site capacities and earthwork costs. This model aims to minimize project costs while mitigating problem-based constraints. The model was evaluated using different T values to determine conservativeness levels and data variations. In contrast to the previous linear programming models, the robust model could be less sensitive to the actual condition deviation from the hypothetical condition. The results revealed that a robust model ensures feasible solutions, minimized constraint violations, and minimized deviations from optimality in case of observing a change in the input within the given range. One of the most significant achievements of this research model is to increase the programming robustness based on the model’s information.
Journal Article