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"Echo in literature"
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The Figure of Echo
In this essay on \"what the imagination has made of the phenomenon
of echo,\" John Hollander examines aspects of the figure of echo in
light of their significance for poetry. Looking at echo in its
literal, acoustic sense, echo in myth, and echo as literary
allusion, Hollander concludes with a study of the rhetorical status
of the figure of echo and an examination of the ancient and newly
interesting trope of metalepsis, or transumption, which it appears
to embody. Centered on ways in which Milton's poetry echoes, and is
echoed by, other texts, The Figure of Echo also explores
Spenser and other Renaissance writers; romantic poets such as
Keats, Shelley, and Wordsworth; and modern poets including Hardy,
Eliot, Stevens, Frost, Williams, and Hart Crane. This book has
implications for literary theory and holds great practical interest
for students and teachers of American and English literature of all
periods. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program,
which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek
out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach,
and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived
makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again
using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally
published in 1981.
eBook
Voice in Motion
Voice in Motionexplores the human voice as a literary, historical, and performative motif in early modern English drama and culture, where the voice was frequently represented as struggling, even failing, to work. In a compelling and original argument, Gina Bloom demonstrates that early modern ideas about the efficacy of spoken communication spring from an understanding of the voice's materiality. Voices can be cracked by the bodies that produce them, scattered by winds when transmitted as breath through their acoustic environment, stopped by clogged ears meant to receive them, and displaced by echoic resonances. The early modern theater underscored the voice's volatility through the use of pubescent boy actors, whose vocal organs were especially vulnerable to malfunction. Reading plays by Shakespeare, Marston, and their contemporaries alongside a wide range of late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century texts-including anatomy books, acoustic science treatises, Protestant sermons, music manuals, and even translations of Ovid-Bloom maintains that cultural representations and theatrical enactments of the voice as \"unruly matter\" undermined early modern hierarchies of gender. The uncontrollable physical voice creates anxiety for men, whose masculinity is contingent on their capacity to discipline their voices and the voices of their subordinates. By contrast, for women the voice is most effective not when it is owned and mastered but when it is relinquished to the environment beyond. There, the voice's fragile material form assumes its full destabilizing potential and becomes a surprising source of female power. Indeed, Bloom goes further to query the boundary between the production and reception of vocal sound, suggesting provocatively that it is through active listening, not just speaking, that women on and off the stage reshape their world. Bringing together performance theory, theater history, theories of embodiment, and sound studies, this book makes a significant contribution to gender studies and feminist theory by challenging traditional conceptions of the links among voice, body, and self.
eBook
Echo Chambers on Social Media: A Systematic Review of the Literature
There have been growing concerns regarding the potential impact of social media on democracy and public debate. While some theorists have claimed that ICTs and social media would bring about a new independent public sphere and increase exposure to political divergence, others have warned that they would lead to polarization through the formation of echo chambers. The issue of social media echo chambers is both crucial and widely debated. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the scientific literature on this issue, shedding light on the different approaches, their similarities, differences, benefits, and drawbacks, and offering a consolidated and critical perspective that can hopefully support future research in this area. Concretely, it presents the results of a systematic review of 55 studies investigating the existence of echo chambers on social media, providing a first classification of the literature and identifying patterns across the studies’ foci, methods and findings. We found that conceptual and methodological choices influence the results of research on this issue. Most importantly, articles that found clear evidence of echo chambers on social media were all based on digital trace data. In contrast, those that found no evidence were all based on self-reported data. Future studies should take into account the possible biases of the different approaches and the significant potential of combining self-reported data with digital trace data.
Journal Article
Echo State Network Optimization: A Systematic Literature Review
In the recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the importance and efficiency of reservoir computing (RC) approaches. The choice of parameters and architecture in reservoir computing, on the other hand, frequently leads to an optimization task. This paper attempts to present an overview of the related work on echo state network (ESN) and deep echo state network (DeepESN) optimization and to collect research papers through a systematic literature review (SLR). This review covers 129 items published from 2004 to 2022 that are concerned with the issue of our focus. The collected papers are selected, analysed and discussed. The results indicate that there are two techniques of parameters optimization (bio-inspired and non-bio-inspired methods) have been extensively used for various reasons. But Different models employ bio-inspired methods for optimizing in a variety of fields. The potential use of particle swarm optimization (PSO) has also been noted. A significant portion of the research done in this field focuses on the study of reservoirs and how they behave in relation to their unique qualities. In order to test reservoirs with varied parameters, topologies, or training techniques, NARMA, the Mackey glass, and Lorenz time-series prediction dataset are the most commonly employed in the literature. This review debate diverse point of view about ESN's hyper-parameter optimization, metrics, time series benchmarks, real word applications, evaluation measures, and bio-inspired and non-bio-inspired techniques, this paper identifies and explores a number of research gaps.
Journal Article
Anger, Fear, and Echo Chambers: The Emotional Basis for Online Behavior
Emotions, such as anger and fear, have been shown to influence people’s political behavior. However, few studies link emotions specifically to how people debate political issues and seek political information online. In this article, we examine how anger and fear are related to politics-oriented digital behavior, attempting to bridge the gap between the thus far disconnected literature on political psychology and the digital media. Based on survey data, we show that anger and fear are connected to distinct behaviors online. Angry people are more likely to engage in debates with people having both similar and opposing views. They also seek out information confirming their views more frequently. Anxious individuals, by contrast, tend to seek out information contradicting their opinions. These findings reiterate predictions made in the extant literature concerning the role of emotions in politics. Thus, we argue that anger reinforces echo chamber dynamics and trench warfare dynamics in the digital public sphere, while fear counteracts these dynamics.
Journal Article
How Generation X and Millennials Perceive Influencers’ Recommendations: Perceived Trustworthiness, Product Involvement, and Perceived Risk
Previous literature has found underlying differences in purchasing behaviors, consumption habits, and Internet and social media usage between Generation X and Millennials. The activities and how users engage with consumer advice made by popular social media personalities can differ according to their age. Recent studies have shown that trust in the message transmitted by influencers is a critical factor in explaining the impact of consumer recommendations on their followers. However, so far there is little evidence of the possible variation according to the generational cohort to which they belong. This paper attempts to fill this gap by reviewing theoretical contributions on the relationships between perceived trustworthiness, perceived risk, product involvement, and purchase intention. Next, we proposed an exploratory model that analyzes the differences through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with multigroup analysis. The resulting hypotheses were tested on a sample of 116 Millennial and 135 Generation X influencer followers. The results confirmed moderating effects of the generational cohort on message credibility and purchase intention, as well as on Millennials’ risk perception. Additionally, social norm and gender were analyzed, and heterogeneity was found according to the level of social norm of the followers.
Journal Article
Eco-Friendly HRM: Investigating Green and Sustainable Practices in Indian Enterprises
In order to accomplish more United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, Green HRM (GHRM) regulations are essential. All future GHRM policies and initiatives should prioritize sustainability and the protection of the environment. Green HRM practices demonstrate how eco-friendly solutions are being integrated into day-to-day operations in nearly every industry. The current state of Green HRM (GHRM) implementation across processes, issues, and limitations, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on workplace adoption of GHRM, are all investigated in this study. For this, a thorough literature review is conducted for the years 2019–2021. The four service sectors—education, banking and financial consulting, healthcare, and banking and financial consulting—were each represented by a senior HR specialist who was interviewed in depth for the purpose of primary data. Resources can be used more sustainably with the help of IDIs. The evaluation takes into account the level of adoption, readiness, issues, and general status of GHRM practices. Only a tiny fraction of the Indian population is familiar with Green HRM, according to our research. GHRM has a lot of potential for HR processes, but it isn't getting enough backing from both the government and business executives. Businesses in India have been slow to adopt GHRM due to a number of factors. Environmental goals and morals of employees have an effect on and can be used to forecast GHRM, according to the research. The promotion of environmentally friendly management should begin with small initiatives and be gradually improved upon.
Journal Article
Factors of Muscle Quality and Determinants of Muscle Strength: A Systematic Literature Review
Muscle quality defined as the ratio of muscle strength to muscle mass disregards underlying factors which influence muscle strength. The aim of this review was to investigate the relationship of phase angle (PhA), echo intensity (EI), muscular adipose tissue (MAT), muscle fiber type, fascicle pennation angle (θf), fascicle length (lf), muscle oxidative capacity, insulin sensitivity (IS), neuromuscular activation, and motor unit to muscle strength. PubMed search was performed in 2021. The inclusion criteria were: (i) original research, (ii) human participants, (iii) adults (≥18 years). Exclusion criteria were: (i) no full-text, (ii) non-English or -German language, (iii) pathologies. Forty-one studies were identified. Nine studies found a weak–moderate negative (range r: [−0.26]–[−0.656], p < 0.05) correlation between muscle strength and EI. Four studies found a weak–moderate positive correlation (range r: 0.177–0.696, p < 0.05) between muscle strength and PhA. Two studies found a moderate-strong negative correlation (range r: [−0.446]–[−0.87], p < 0.05) between muscle strength and MAT. Two studies found a weak-strong positive correlation (range r: 0.28–0.907, p < 0.05) between θf and muscle strength. Muscle oxidative capacity was found to be a predictor of muscle strength. This review highlights that the current definition of muscle quality should be expanded upon as to encompass all possible factors of muscle quality.
Journal Article