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Land transformation during global urbanization has led to a sharp decrease in farmland, causing not only food security issues but also ecological problems. To address this issue, the Chinese government has implemented the Requisition–Compensation Balance Policy for Farmland (RCBF) in 1997. This policy effectively curbed the reduction of farmland, but the compensated land often comes from mountainous and desert areas, leading to fragmentation of farmland and subsequent ecological security issues. The balance between farmland requisition and compensation is closely related to ecological security. However, current research on farmland occupation and compensation is mostly based on farmland area. The area occupied and compensated for by farmland in different regions is inconsistent, and using only net increase or decrease in area to represent farmland occupation and compensation cannot accurately and fairly compare the degree of farmland occupation and compensation between regions. Therefore, this study has proposed a novel index to measure the balance of farmland requisition and compensation—the Farmland Requisition and Compensation Index (FOCI). FOCI can transform dimensional expressions that represent the area of farmland occupation and compensation into dimensionless expressions, namely scalars, which makes it possible to visually and fairly compare the degree of farmland occupation in each region. Then, this new index has been used to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of farmland requisition and compensation in China at the national and provincial levels over the past 30 years (1990–2021), as well as the impact of this change on the fragmentation of farmland landscape and ecological service value. The results indicate that (1) FOCI shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing at both national and provincial scales; (2) Provinces with increasing FOCI are mainly concentrated in the southeast and northwest regions, while significant decreases in FOCI are observed in the southwest region, indicating a shift of the FOCI center of gravity towards the southeast; (3) FOCI and farmland landscape fragmentation are significantly positively correlated spatially, suggesting that provinces with higher levels of farmland requisition and compensation also exhibit higher levels of farmland landscape fragmentation; (4) FOCI and ecological service value are significantly negatively correlated spatially, indicating that provinces with higher levels of farmland requisition and compensation have lower ecological service values, with these areas mainly concentrated in the northwest region of China. In general, FOCI has the advantage of eliminating the dimensional influence in different regions and could be a reliable alternative for evaluating the balance of farmland requisition and compensation between regions.

There are special locational value and natural resources in coastal wetlands. Studying their changes and evaluating their ecosystem service value (ESV) is beneficial for protecting the ecology of coastal wetlands and for maintaining sustainable human development. In this paper, the coastal wetland of Jiaozhou Bay is selected as the research area, an object-oriented method is used to extract shoreline and wetland information, and the coastal wetland reclamation process in Jiaozhou Bay is evaluated. The value equivalent method and market value method are used to evaluate the service value of wetland ecosystems from the perspective of ecological economics. The results show that the reclamation area of Jiaozhou Bay reached 75.2 km 2 in 40 years, with nearly 23% of the bay area eroding. Reclamation engineering, estuary engineering, policy implementation and urbanization are the main factors affecting the changes in the Jiaozhou Bay wetland, and the main direction of wetland succession is natural wetlands→artificial wetlands→nonwetlands. Wetland reclamation in Jiaozhou Bay has led to the continuous extension of the coastline to the sea, especially during the 2005–2020 period, and the wetland area has declined in area by 116 km 2 . The changes in the wetland in the past 40 years have affected the changes in the ESV of Jiaozhou Bay, and there have been different synergistic/trade-off relationships in different periods. This research provides data to support the comprehensive ecological management of coastal areas, which is conducive to maximizing the utilization value of wetlands and promoting wetland protection.

With the long-term mining activation and use of coal, ecological environment of mining area has been damaged to a certain extent. As one of the 13 large coal bases in China, Huainan coal mining area was selected to evaluate the ecosystem service value and ecological storage value. Remote sensing images of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 based on Landsat series in Huainan mining area were employed to obtain the classification information of the surface. Referring to the existing research results, ecological service value was computed. By using a mining area ecological storage model, estimation of ecological storage were studied. Results showed that ecological service value and ecological storage both showed a downward trend. Finally, the paper put forward the comprehensive treatment countermeasures and remediation strategy of ecological environment.

In recent years, the delicate balance between economic development and ecological environment protection in ecologically fragile arid areas has gradually become apparent. Although previous research has mainly focused on changes in ecological service value caused by land use, a comprehensive understanding of ecology–economy harmony and ecological compensation remains elusive. To address this, we employed a coupled deep learning model (convolutional neural network-gated recurrent unit) to simulate the ecological service value of the Wuwei arid oasis over the next 10 years. The ecology–economy harmony index was used to determine the priority range of ecological compensation, while the GeoDetector analyzed the potential impact of driving factors on ecological service value from 2000 to 2030. The results show the following: (1) The coupled model, which extracts spatial features in the neighborhood of historical data using a convolutional neural network and adaptively learns time features using the gated recurrent unit, achieved an overall accuracy of 0.9377, outperforming three other models (gated recurrent unit, convolutional neural network, and convolutional neural network—long short-term memory); (2) Ecological service value in the arid oasis area illustrated an overall increasing trend from 2000 to 2030, but urban expansion still caused a decrease in ecological service value; (3) Historical ecology–economy harmony was mainly characterized by low conflict and potential crisis, while future ecology–economy harmony will be characterized by potential crisis and high coordination. Minqin and Tianzhu in the north and south have relatively high coordination between ecological environment and economic development, while Liangzhou and Guluang in the west and east exhibited relatively low coordination, indicating a greater urgency for ecological compensation; (4) Geomorphic, soil, and digital elevation model emerged as the most influential natural factor affecting the spatial differentiation of ecological service value in the arid oasis area. This study is of great significance for balancing economic development and ecological protection and promoting sustainable development in arid areas.

Rapid socio-economic development has had a significant impact on land use/cover (LULC) changes, which bring great pressure to the ecological environment. LULC changes affect ecosystem services by altering the structure and function of ecosystems. It is of great significance to reveal the internal relationship between LULC changes and ecosystem service value (ESV) for the protection and restoration of ecological environments. In this study, based on the spatial and temporal evolution of ecological service values in the Manas River basin from 1980 to 2020 and considering ecological and economic benefits, we coupled the gray multi-objective optimization model (GMOP) and patch-generating land-use simulation (PLUS) model (GMOP–PLUS model) to optimize the LULC structure under three scenarios (a natural development scenario, ND; ecological priority development scenario, (EPD); and balanced ecological and economic development scenario, EED) in 2030, and analyzed the trade-offs and synergies in the relationships among the four services. We found that from 1980 to 2020, farmland and construction land expanded 2017.90 km2 and 254.27 km2, respectively, whereas the areas of grassland and unused land decreased by 1617.38 km2 and 755.86 km2, respectively. By 2030, the trend of LULC changes will be stable under the ND scenario, the area of ecological land will increase by 327.42 km2 under the EPD scenario, and the area of construction land will increase most under the EED scenario, reaching 65.01 km2. From 1980 to 2020, the ESV exhibited an upward trend in the basin. In 2030, the ESV will increase by 7.18%, 6.54%, and 6.04% under the EPD, EED, and ND scenarios, respectively. The clustering of the four services is obvious in the desert area and around the water system with “low–low synergy” and “high–high synergy”; the plain area and mountainous area are mainly “high–low trade-off” and “low–high trade-off” relationships. This paper provides a scientific reference for coordinating economic development and ecological protection in the basin. It also provides a new technical approach to address the planning of land resources in the basin.

Ecological corridors play a key role in promoting the flow of ecological processes, guaranteeing ecological function services and maintaining biodiversity. Based on ecological sensitivity and ecological service values, ecological corridors in typical karst areas of Ningyuan County were constructed to lay the foundation for ecological environmental protection and land development and utilization in the county. Based on the current land use situation in 2020, the ecological source sites were identified by the combined results of ecological sensitivity evaluation and ecosystem service value analysis, and then potential corridors were generated based on the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) and the minimum cost path method, and key corridors were identified by the gravity model. The results show that (1) the areas exhibiting strong sensitivity are concentrated within regions characterized by better ecological environment quality; the ecosystem service value and ecological sensitivity have a similar distribution pattern, and those with high ecological value are mainly distributed in areas with better habitat quality such as woodlands and along water systems. (2) The total area of ecological source land in Ningyuan County is 879.14 km², accounting for 35.15% of the county area, mainly distributed in the south and north of the county. (3) There are nine ecological corridors in Ningyuan County, which are radially distributed in a spider-web manner, five important ecological corridors and four general ecological corridors, with total lengths of 96 km and 120.87 km, respectively.

Ecological governance projects have great potential benefits, but there is a lack of quantitative evaluation of their impacts in terms of enhancing regional ecological carrying capacity under climate change. To quantitatively evaluate the impact of ecological governance projects on regional ecological carrying capacity, a quantitative evaluation model was developed by coupling the classical ecological footprint and ecological service value theory. This model was validated using the water source treatment project (hereinafter referred to as the “DZ” project) of the Middle Route of China’s South to North Water Diversion Project, which is the world’s largest water diversion project, as an example. The results showed the following: (1) During the implementation of the “DZ” project, the per capita ecological carrying capacity of the reservoir area experienced a wave-like growth trend, with an increase of 0.103615 hm2 and a yield increase rate of 20.00%. The “DZ” project has outstanding ecological benefits, valued at approximately USD 125.272266 million. (2) The “DZ” project has contributed to the improvement of the ecological carrying capacity in the Henan area of the Danjiang Reservoir by about 10.14%, demonstrating that such projects have a considerable impact on efforts to improve regional ecological carrying capacity under climate change.

The water conservation function plays a vital role in the land–water cycle. As the “Chinese water tower”, the headwaters of the Yellow River are of great significance to the safety of the Yellow River basin and even the global ecosystem. Taking the grassland ecosystem in the Yellow River source area as the research object, the InVEST water yield model with modified parameters and the ecological value evaluation of the modified equivalent factor method were used to explore the simulated spatio-temporal changes and the value of grassland water conservation from 2001 to 2020. The results show that: (1) the average total amount of water conservation in the source area is 549 × 108 m3, which is 16% of the runoff in the Yellow River basin, with a growth rate of 7.5 mm/year 1 and a contribution rate of 30%; (2) the total ecological value of grassland water conservation in 2020 is USD 340.03 × 108. The proportion of improved grassland in ecological restoration and management is only 0.51%, while the proportion of original alpine meadow reaches 67% and its ecological function and value are irreplaceable; (3) based on the comprehensive indicators of water conservation capacity, value and importance, Qumalai, Chengduo and Maduo counties are ranked as priority areas for the ecological protection of water resources.

The six northwestern provinces are much of the Chinese section of the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, and the ecological environment is relatively fragile, with serious soil erosion, which, together with rapid economic and social development, may lead to changes in land use patterns and inadequate supply of ecosystem services, impacting China's regional ecological protection as well as the “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutral” goals. This paper is designed to address the issue of land use change and inadequate supply of ecosystem services in six provinces in Northwest China. To this end, this paper has constructed three different levels of ecological security patterns in the study area based on the spatial–temporal pattern changes of land use and cold hotspot changes of ecological service value (ESV) in six provinces and regions in Northwest China. The results show that from 2000 to 2018, there is a significant increase around urban and rural construction land (66.06%) and a small decrease around grassland and water bodies (−1.72% and −13.53%) in the study area, with a large-scale interconversion of all categories. The ecological service value cold hotspot distribution is relatively stable in space and has little change in time. The ecological source areas of low, medium, and high ecological safety patterns are 9,889,930, 13,444,520 and 40,067,460 hm2, respectively, and the number of ecological corridors is 987, 1051 and 1063, with lengths of 5295.57 km, 5729.49 km, and 6566.69 km, respectively. The construction of ecological security pattern based on ecological service value can provide a reference for regional ecological protection and security.

High-resolution remote sensing (HRRS) images have few spectra, low interclass separability and large intraclass differences, and there are some problems in land cover classification (LCC) of HRRS images that only rely on spectral information, such as misclassification of small objects and unclear boundaries. Here, we propose a deep learning fusion network that effectively utilizes NDVI, called the Dense-Spectral-Location-NDVI network (DSLN). In DSLN, we first extract spatial location information from NDVI data at the same time as remote sensing image data to enhance the boundary information. Then, the spectral features are put into the encoding-decoding structure to abstract the depth features and restore the spatial information. The NDVI fusion module is used to fuse the NDVI information and depth features to improve the separability of land cover information. Experiments on the GF-1 dataset show that the mean OA (mOA) and the mean value of the Kappa coefficient (mKappa) of the DSLN network model reach 0.8069 and 0.7161, respectively, which have good applicability to temporal and spatial distribution. The comparison of the forest area released by Xuancheng Forestry Bureau and the forest area in Xuancheng produced by the DSLN model shows that the former is consistent with the latter. In conclusion, the DSLN network model is effectively applied in practice and can provide more accurate land cover data for regional ESV analysis.