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"Economic cost"
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Food Attribution and Economic Cost Estimates for Meat- and Poultry-Related Illnesses
The economic burden of foodborne illness has been estimated to be as high as US$90 billion annually. For policy purposes, it is often important to understand not only the overall cost of illness but also the costs associated with individual products or groups of products. In this study, I estimate the cost of foodborne illnesses from 29 pathogens associated with nongame meat and poultry products that are regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. To complete this, I merge results from a food attribution model with results from an illness model and an economic burden of illness model. The food attribution model uses outbreak and expert elicitation data to attribute foods to pathogens. The illness model is a replication of the 2011 study published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The economic cost model is an updated version of previously published studies that include costs for medical care, lost productivity, loss of life, and pain and suffering. The primary attribution model, based largely on Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration assumptions, estimates that meat and poultry products are vectors for 30.9% of all foodborne illnesses. This translates into 2.9 million annual illnesses, yielding economic costs of up to $20.3 billion. The costliest food-pathogen pairs include Campylobacter spp. in poultry ($6.9 billion), Salmonella spp. in chicken and pork ($2.8 and $1.9 billion, respectively), and Toxoplasma gondii in pork ($1.9 billion). Results based on alternative attribution and economic model assumptions are also presented, generating meat and poultry attribution estimates ranging from 27.1 to 36.7% and economic costs of $8.1 to $22.5 billion.
Journal Article
The economic costs of Hurricane Harvey attributable to climate change
Hurricane Harvey is one of the costliest tropical cyclones in history. In this paper, we use a probabilistic event attribution framework to estimate the costs associated with Hurricane Harvey that are attributable to anthropogenic influence on the climate system. Results indicate that the “fraction of attributable risk” for the rainfall from Harvey was likely about at least a third with a preferable/best estimate of three quarters. With an average estimate of damages from Harvey assessed at about US $90bn, applying this fraction gives a best estimate of US$ 67bn, with a likely lower bound of at least US $30bn, of these damages that are attributable to the human influence on climate. This “bottom-up” event-based estimate of climate change damages contrasts sharply with the more “top-down” approach using integrated assessment models (IAMs) or global macroeconometric estimates: one IAM estimates annual climate change damages in the USA to be in the region of US$ 21.3bn. While the two approaches are not easily comparable, it is noteworthy that our “bottom-up” results estimate that one single extreme weather event contributes more to climate change damages in the USA than an entire year by the “top-down” method. Given that the “top-down” approach, at best, parameterizes but does not resolve the effects of extreme weather events, our findings suggest that the “bottom-up” approach is a useful avenue to pursue in future attempts to refine estimates of climate change damages.
Journal Article
Airspace closure and civil aviation : a strategic resource for airline managers
\"The impact to airlines from airspace closure can be as benign as a two minute extension on a downwind leg, or as severe as an armed intercept by hostile forces. These constraints come in a variety of forms, both man-made and physical, but all result in operational inefficiencies that erode the economic vitality of an airline. Understanding the root causes of these airspace restrictions, developing strategies for mitigating their impact, and anticipating future airspace closures, are of critical strategic importance to any airline\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The Generalized Roy Model and the Cost-Benefit Analysis of Social Programs
The literature on treatment effects focuses on gross benefits from program participation. We extend this literature by developing conditions under which it is possible to identify parameters measuring the cost and net surplus from program participation. Using the generalized Roy model, we nonparametrically identify the cost, benefit, and net surplus of selection into treatment without requiring the analyst to have direct information on costs. We apply our methodology to estimate the gross benefit and net surplus of attending college.
Journal Article
Designing future-oriented airline businesses
\"Designing Future-Oriented Airline Businesses is the eighth Ashgate book by Nawal K. Taneja to address the ongoing challenges and opportunities facing all generations of airlines. Firstly, it challenges and encourages airline managements to take a deeper dive into new ways of doing business. Secondly, it provides a framework for identifying and developing strategies and capabilities, as well as executing them efficiently and effectively, to change the focus from cost reduction to revenue enhancement and from competitive advantage to comparative advantage\"-Provided by publisher.
Book
The economic costs of biological invasions around the world
A large and increasing number of ecosystems of the planet are now invaded by alien species, resulting in detrimental impacts on biodiversity, human health, and ecosystem services (IPBES 2019). Many of these impacts can be defined and quantified as economic costs; expenditures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the losses caused by invasive alien species (IAS). Reports on the global economic costs over the last 50 years estimate that IAS are responsible for a minimum of US$1.288 trillion (2017 US dollars) in damages, a number that is steadily rising over time (Diagne et al. 2021a). Understanding and estimating economic damages caused by IAS is particularly important given that new introductions of alien species and impacts are increasing globally with no sign of slowing down (Seebens et al. 2017; Essl et al. 2020). In addition, just as current and future projections of numbers and types of IAS vary across ecosystems (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Essl et al. 2020), impacts and costs of biological invasions differ widely across space and time (Angulo et al. 2021b; Diagne et al. 2021a). Improving economic cost estimates of biological invasions across regions helps scientists, managers, and stakeholders to develop and inform benefit-cost analyses and policies for dealing with invasive alien species. Previous studies have modelled and estimated the economic costs of biological invasions for specific countries (e.g., Pimentel et al. 2005; Hoffmann and Broadhurst 2016) or globally (e.g., Diagne et al. 2021a), but a standardized assessment of costs of biological invasions with detailed information for countries and regions was lacking for most regions of the world. In this special issue on the “The Economic costs of biological invasions in the world,” 63 authors address this issue by bringing together 19 papers from 13 countries and 6 supra-national regions that report on the economic cost-dimension of biological invasions (Fig. 1, Table 1). Collectively, they provide a global, innovative perspective detailing the economic costs of biological invasions while also providing regional information to help raise public awareness, and support efficient and cost-effective decision-making.
Journal Article
Averting Catastrophes: The Strange Economics of Scylla and Charybdis
Faced with numerous potential catastrophes—nuclear and bioterrorism, mega-viruses, climate change, and others—which should society attempt to avert? A policy to avert one catastrophe considered in isolation might be evaluated in cost-benefit terms. But because society faces multiple catastrophes, simple cost-benefit analysis fails: even if the benefit of averting each one exceeds the cost, we should not necessarily avert them all. We explore the policy interdependence of catastrophic events, and develop a rule for determining which catastrophes should be averted and which should not.
Journal Article