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"Economic development California Los Angeles Metropolitan Area"
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The Rise and Fall of Urban Economies
Today, the Bay Area is home to the most successful knowledge economy in America, while Los Angeles has fallen progressively further behind its neighbor to the north and a number of other American metropolises. Yet, in 1970, experts would have predicted that L.A. would outpace San Francisco in population, income, economic power, and influence. The usual factors used to explain urban growth-luck, immigration, local economic policies, and the pool of skilled labor-do not account for the contrast between the two cities and their fates. So what does?
The Rise and Fall of Urban Economies challenges many of the conventional notions about economic development and sheds new light on its workings. The authors argue that it is essential to understand the interactions of three major components-economic specialization, human capital formation, and institutional factors-to determine how well a regional economy will cope with new opportunities and challenges. Drawing on economics, sociology, political science, and geography, they argue that the economic development of metropolitan regions hinges on previously underexplored capacities for organizational change in firms, networks of people, and networks of leaders. By studying San Francisco and Los Angeles in unprecedented levels of depth, this book extracts lessons for the field of economic development studies and urban regions around the world.
eBook
Regions That Work
Regions That Work provides a history and critique of community-development corporations, a statistical analysis of the poverty-growth relationship in seventy-four metro areas, a detailed study of three regions that have produced superior equity outcomes, and a provocative call for new policies and new politics.
eBook
Network Accessibility and Employment Centres
This research examines the impact of accessibility on the growth of employment centres in the Los Angeles region between 1990 and 2000. There is extensive empirical documentation of polycentricity—the presence of multiple concentrations of employment—in large metropolitan areas. However, there is limited understanding of the determinants of growth of employment centres. It has long been held that transport investments influence urban structure, particularly freeways and airports. Using data on 48 employment centres, the effects are tested of various measures of accessibility on centre employment growth: highway accessibility, network accessibility and two measures of labour force accessibility. Access to airports is also tested. It is found that, after controlling for centre size, density, industry mix, location within the region and spatial amenities, labour force accessibility and network accessibility are significantly related to centre growth. It is concluded that accessibility continues to play an important role in urban spatial structure.
Journal Article
From Chicago to L.A. : making sense of urban theory
From Chicago to L.A. begins the task of defining an alternative agenda for urban studies and examines the case for shifting the focus of urban studies from Chicago to Los Angeles. The authors, experienced scholars from a variety of disciplines, examine: The concepts that have blocked our understanding of Southern California cities The imaginative structures that people have been using to understand and explain Los Angeles The utility of the "Los Angeles School" of urbanism
eBook
Estimating the Economic Impact of Natural and Social Disasters, with an Application to Hurricane Katrina
This paper examines taxable sales in the Los Angeles and Miami metropolitan areas to find evidence of the short- and long-run effects of the Rodney King riots and Hurricane Andrew on their respective economies. The comparison of these two events shows that the King riots had a long-term negative effect on Los Angeles' economy while Hurricane Andrew had a short-term positive effect on the Miami economy. The paper also applies the contrasting experiences of Los Angeles and Miami to New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. In some ways, Katrina is a hybrid of these two events since it combines elements of both a natural disaster and a social disaster. The paper examines how Katrina is similar to each of the previous incidents and how these similarities might affect the recovery of New Orleans following the storm.
Journal Article
Accessibility and Residential Land Values: Some Tests with New Measures
Accessibility is a fundamental concept in theories of metropolitan spatial structure. Urban economic models explain urban structure as a function of access to jobs; accessibility is capitalised into land values, which in turn explain the population distribution. Studies of residential land values show that many factors contribute to the value of a given location: the characteristics of the housing unit, its location with respect to social and environmental amenities, as well as access to jobs, services and other economic opportunities. Empirical studies typically use job access as a proxy for more generalised access to economic activities. However, jobs represent many different activities, from retail shopping to heavy manufacturing, and the value of access to these activities may be positive or negative. In this paper, accessibility measures based on industry sectors have been developed, allowing the separating out of possible different effects. Their impacts are tested on residential land values using data from the Los Angeles region. A multilevel modelling approach is used in order to control for neighbourhood-level attributes common to multiple properties. It is found that the various access measures have different and significant effects on land values, but attributes of the dwelling unit, together with access to the coast, explain most of the variation. The multilevel model is confirmed; there is significant correlation among properties within the same neighbourhood.
Journal Article
Nonprofits and Park Provision in Los Angeles: An Exploration of the Rise of Governance Approaches to the Provision of Local Services
Objectives. Park planning and development in the Los Angeles metropolitan area offer an opportunity to explore the assertion that \"Western cities are now being managed, organized and governed in different ways\" leading to a \"new urban politics,\" and the suggestion that urban regime theory captures cultural and civil societal influences and organizations in its descriptions of coalitions and their roles in promoting places. Methods. This article examines park provision in Los Angeles historically and in the contemporary period through interviews and current documents, as well as through newspaper articles and park bond proposition language. Results. The resulting analysis suggests that civil society organizations such as nonprofits act in quite similar ways to traditional urban regime business interests. Conclusions. Nonprofits should be examined for their roles in creating a new urban politics, including structures of governance. Additionally, in the environmental area, these organizations have become significant actors in determining land uses.
Journal Article
Operational Strategy, R&D and Intra-metropolitan Clustering in a Polycentric Structure: The Advanced Electronics Industries of the Los Angeles Basin
The multiple clustering of economic activities is one of the most distinctive characteristics of a polycentric metropolitan area. The relationship between intra-metropolitan location, research and development (R&D), operational strategy and production is analysed, to determine whether spatial clusters are more supportive of R&D than non-clustered locations. Two major operational strategies commonly utilised in advanced electronics production, outsourcing and the use of just-in-time (JIT) production methods, and their relationship with intra-metropolitan location and R&D intensity are considered, to determine their effects on spatially clustered and non-clustered establishments. The intra-metropolitan distribution of clusters in the Los Angeles basin, their potential industrial district effects, and the role of externalities are also evaluated, to determine the relationship between polycentricity and high-technology production. Extensive statistical analyses are then undertaken with establishment-level data for seven 4-digit advanced electronics sectors, in the telecommunications, electromedical and advanced computer equipment manufacturing groups in the Los Angeles basin. Comparative statistical analyses on a sample of Silicon Valley establishments are also performed, in order to place the Los Angeles basin's findings in perspective. The results of this research contradict some of the most common assumptions on the benefits of spatial industrial clustering, that have been diffused in the literature.
Journal Article
