Explore the vast range of titles available.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and know the concept and application of proof and calculation of state economic losses, which so far law enforcement on the application of proving state economic losses is rarely carried out by law enforcement.   Method: The definition of the state economy as referred to in the Elucidation of the Corruption Law is very general and has multiple interpretations so that it is  difficult to explain in trial evidence, this has an impact on the lack of law enforcement in implementing state economic losses.   Results and conclusion: The concept of state economic losses in its application based on the corruption law can be formulated more concretely, including determining the characteristics and scope of state economic losses, and along with the development of science, especially economics, relating to state economic losses as a corruption impact. The calculation of economic losses uses two approaches, namely economic losses and lost expenditures. By taking action that does not harm the country's economy, law enforcement against criminal acts of corruption can be more optimal and the recovery of state economic losses can be maximized in order to welfare society.   Research implications: Economists who focus on the problem of state economic losses, with certain formulas can calculate the  real amount of state economic losses. The component of state economic losses is calculated based  on the amount of losses incurred, namely multiple economic impacts.   Originality/value: The various corruption cases that have been revealed in these sectors show that there is an impact on the state and regional economy that is far greater than the value of state losses due to acts of corruption that occur. The stabilization function of the economy has been disrupted so that the economic fundamentals of the country or region have weakened. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and know the concept and application of proof and calculation of state economic losses, which so far law enforcement on the application of proving state economic losses is rarely carried out by law enforcement. Method: The definition of the state economy as referred to in the Elucidation of the Corruption Law is very general and has multiple interpretations so that it is  difficult to explain in trial evidence, this has an impact on the lack of law enforcement in implementing state economic losses. Results and conclusion: The concept of state economic losses in its application based on the corruption law can be formulated more concretely, including determining the characteristics and scope of state economic losses, and along with the development of science, especially economics, relating to state economic losses as a corruption impact. The calculation of economic losses uses two approaches, namely economic losses and lost expenditures. By taking action that does not harm the country's economy, law enforcement against criminal acts of corruption can be more optimal and the recovery of state economic losses can be maximized in order to welfare society. Research implications: Economists who focus on the problem of state economic losses, with certain formulas can calculate the  real amount of state economic losses. The component of state economic losses is calculated based  on the amount of losses incurred, namely multiple economic impacts. Originality/value: The various corruption cases that have been revealed in these sectors show that there is an impact on the state and regional economy that is far greater than the value of state losses due to acts of corruption that occur. The stabilization function of the economy has been disrupted so that the economic fundamentals of the country or region have weakened.

Disaster loss estimates are helpful for managing post-disaster reconstruction and for designing disaster-risk mitigation strategies. However, most of these estimates in China merely consider direct losses, and only a few include indirect economic losses. As the most destructive earthquake since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Wenchuan Earthquake that occurred in 2008 resulted in direct economic damages reached Chinese Yuan (CNY) 845 billion (US $124 billion). The aim of the study was to estimate indirect economic losses caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Province through the Adaptive Regional Input-Output (ARIO) model, which can reflect disaster-related changes in production capacity, ripple effects within the economic system, and adaptive behaviors of economic actors. The results showed that indirect economic losses in the production and housing sectors were estimated at 40% of the direct economic losses, i.e., approximately CNY 300 billion; moreover, the model predicted an 8-year reconstruction period. Several factors contributed to these losses, including significant damages to key sectors, financial constraints on reconstruction, post-earthquake investment instability, and limits in reconstruction capacity. Active government support policies post-earthquake are a useful strategy to mitigate the adverse economic impact of an earthquake in developing countries.

As climate change continues to worsen, coastal areas are increasingly vulnerable to more frequent and severe storm surges. This poses a significant risk to economic entities, particularly in areas that have undergone rapid development. However, quantitative assessment of economic losses from storm surge disasters in China has been challenging due to limited exposure and vulnerability data. This study proposes a framework for comprehensive economic losses assessment of storm surge disasters using open data, focusing on Zhoushan City as an example. The study quantifies economic loss ratios caused by storm surges by identifying essential urban land use/cover (EULUC) and considering the water depth of different EULUC types for quantitative vulnerability assessment. The study then calculates direct economic losses using the loss ratio maps and gridded gross domestic product data and quantifies indirect economic losses (IEL) using an input–output model to account for inter-industry correlation. Results show that under the scenario of a super typhoon intensity (915 hPa), the total economic loss can reach 131 million CNY, with IEL accounting for 60% of the total. The construction and industrial sectors experience higher IEL due to excessive dependence on upstream and downstream industries, with IEL accounting for approximately 70%.

Are natural resources a \"curse\" or a \"blessing\"? The empirical evidence suggests that either outcome is possible. This paper surveys a variety of hypotheses and supporting evidence for why some countries benefit and others lose from the presence of natural resources. These include that a resource bonanza induces appreciation of the real exchange rate, deindustrialization, and bad growth prospects, and that these adverse effects are more severe in volatile countries with bad institutions and lack of rule of law, corruption, presidential democracies, and underdeveloped financial systems. Another hypothesis is that a resource boom reinforces rent grabbing and civil conflict especially if institutions are bad, induces corruption especially in nondemocratic countries, and keeps in place bad policies. Finally, resource rich developing economies seem unable to successfully convert their depleting exhaustible resources into other productive assets. The survey also offers some welfare-based fiscal rules for harnessing resource windfalls in developed and developing economies.

The international discourse on loss and damages (L&Ds) under the climate convention is ongoing. Significant attention has been given to a dedicated fund to assist vulnerable countries to recover from climate related L&D. While much of the political discussion focuses on the amount of funding needed and who should pay, less attention is given to risk reduction initiatives eligible for the L&D funding mechanisms. There is also an emerging need to link L&D funding with adaptation (funds) which is not yet being given enough consideration. Against this background, the paper presents different dimensions of L&D for example on severity and compensability, and provides a new perspective that goes beyond the current discourse of economic versus non-economic or direct versus indirect L&D. A global analysis is complemented with a set of L&D related case studies to explore both conventional economic dimensions of L&D, and under-represented dimensions, such as population displacement and human mobility, territory and cultural heritage. These cases highlight how different types of L&D are articulated in climate related initiatives. The cases point towards the need to better connect L&D and adaptation strategies and funding to strengthen climate resilience. The paper informs the ongoing international debate on L&D, highlighting the importance of understanding its different dimensions, the effectiveness of climate-related policies across countries and the need to rethink the concept of L&D as compensation, since this falls short of supporting climate resilience. Recommendations emphasize national and local level monitoring, funding tools and international cooperation.

The international discourse on loss and damages (L&Ds) under the climate convention is ongoing. Significant attention has been given to a dedicated fund to assist vulnerable countries to recover from climate related L&D. While much of the political discussion focuses on the amount of funding needed and who should pay, less attention is given to risk reduction initiatives eligible for the L&D funding mechanisms. There is also an emerging need to link L&D funding with adaptation (funds) which is not yet being given enough consideration. Against this background, the paper presents different dimensions of L&D for example on severity and compensability, and provides a new perspective that goes beyond the current discourse of economic versus non-economic or direct versus indirect L&D. A global analysis is complemented with a set of L&D related case studies to explore both conventional economic dimensions of L&D, and under-represented dimensions, such as population displacement and human mobility, territory and cultural heritage. These cases highlight how different types of L&D are articulated in climate related initiatives. The cases point towards the need to better connect L&D and adaptation strategies and funding to strengthen climate resilience. The paper informs the ongoing international debate on L&D, highlighting the importance of understanding its different dimensions, the effectiveness of climate-related policies across countries and the need to rethink the concept of L&D as compensation, since this falls short of supporting climate resilience. Recommendations emphasize national and local level monitoring, funding tools and international cooperation.

In 2008, Wenchuan earthquake shook Sichuan Province in China. The questions of how to value the economic loss that would result if a catastrophe were to occur in Capital Beijing and how long the recovery period would last have long been topics of concern for the government and the public. This study envisions an earthquake similar to the Wenchuan earthquake occurring in Beijing and examines the differences in indirect economic loss and recovery periods between Beijing and the Wenchuan earthquake using the same loss rate. An improved input–output model is used to evaluate the indirect losses. The results show that (1) Beijing experiences greater indirect loss than Sichuan. When both regions suffer a direct loss of USD 100, Beijing suffers USD 12 more in indirect loss than does Sichuan. (2) The reconstruction period of Beijing is shortened by at least 5 months, and indirect loss is reduced by 27.1% if the assistance level increases from 120 to 150% of that provided to Sichuan. (3) High assistance efficiencies can effectively reduce total losses, but increasing the efficiency of strength is more efficient than improving the efficiency of time in Beijing. Five sectors in Beijing are firstly needed to be assisted to recover, which can help other sectors to recover more quickly and efficiently through industrial linkages. Dynamic assessment of indirect loss in this study may help the government better understand the quantitative impact of disasters and allocate assistance resources more efficiently in Beijing.

Parasites reside inside or outside their hosts and get host nutrition and blood. Here, we have emphasized economic losses in cattle caused by parasitic diseases due to ecto- and endo- parasites (flies, ticks, mites and helminths). We have outlined different methods/models including economic evaluation techniques and dynamic analysis as a major class, used for the calculation of economic losses caused by parasites in cattle. According to already conducted studies, a decrease in production is mentioned in quantity and percentage while financial losses are expressed in the form of account with respect to per head, herd or for the specific study area. The parasites cause the reduced production and financial losses due to control, treatment and mortality costs. We calculated the average decrease in milk production and organ condemnation as 1.16 L animal−1 day−1 and 12.95%, respectively, from overall cattle parasitic infections. Moreover, the average calculated financial and percentage losses were US$ 50.67 animal−1 year−1 and 17.94%, respectively. Economically important parasitic diseases mentioned here are caused by specific spp. of protozoans and helminths according to data collected from the literature. Protozoan diseases include tick-borne diseases, coccidiosis, neosporosis, trypanosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Losses due to tick-borne infections were encountered for decreased milk production, mortality, treatment and control. Losses from coccidiosis were due to decreased weight gain, treatment costs and mortality. While abortion losses were encountered in neosporosis. Trypanosomiasis caused losses due to a decrease in milk yield. Moreover, only diagnostic (conventional or molecular techniques) cost was taken into account for cryptosporidiosis. Economically important nematode parasites are Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Ostertagia spp. and Haemonchus placei. Due to the zoonotic importance of echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus is the most economically important cestode parasite. Losses caused by echinococcosis were due to organ condemnation, carcass weight loss and decreases hide value, milk production and fecundity. While, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important trematodal disease, which causes cirrhosis of the liver due to parasite migration, and thus, the organ becomes inedible. So, it would be helpful for farmers and researchers to approach these methods/models for calculation of parasitic losses and should adopt suitable measures to avoid long-term economic losses.

During the last two decades, the rapid urbanization movement has increased the concentration of population and buildings in Ulaanbaatar city (UB), Mongolia. There are several active faults around UB. The estimated maximum magnitude of 7 in the Emeelt fault has been expected to significantly impact the UB region because the fault is only 20 km from the city. To consider the disaster mitigation planning for such large earthquakes, assessments of ground shaking intensities and building damage for the scenarios are crucial. In this study, we develop the building inventory data in UB, including structural types, construction year, height, and construction cost in order to assess the buildings’ vulnerability (repair cost) due to a scenario earthquake. The construction costs are estimated based on the procedure of the Mongolian construction code from the coefficients of cost per floor area for each structural type, and coefficients for heating system, floor areas, and buildings’ locations. Finally, the scenario’s economic loss of the damaged buildings is evaluated using the developed building inventory, global vulnerability curves of GAR-13, and estimated spectral accelerations.

What is the greatest single class of distortions in the global economy? One contender for this title is the tightly binding constraints on emigration from poor countries. Vast numbers of people in low-income countries want to emigrate from those countries but cannot. How large are the economic losses caused by barriers to emigration? Research on this question has been distinguished by its rarity and obscurity, but the few estimates we have should make economists' jaws hit their desks. The gains to eliminating migration barriers amount to large fractions of world GDP—one or two orders of magnitude larger than the gains from dropping all remaining restrictions on international flows of goods and capital. When it comes to policies that restrict emigration, there appear to be trillion-dollar bills on the sidewalk.