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The analysis of the neoliberal restructuring of Chilean port cities and their hinterland suggests there was a functional coupling of neoliberalisation, precarisation, reterritorialisation, extraction, and logistics. To address this process properly, we expanded the boundaries of our analytical scale to include not only the port city, but also its hinterland, and be able to examine the flow of commodities and labour. The analysis demonstrated that the effects of neoliberal restructuring of Valparaíso and its hinterland has had interconnected ambivalent effects. Although social and economic restructuring of agricultural hinterland and port terminals in Chile increased land and port productivity and economic competitiveness, this pattern of capitalist modernisation benefitted neither the increasing masses of temporary precarious workers in the countryside nor port cities such as Valparaíso, marked by territorial inequality, socioecological damage, urban poverty, and a growing sense of closure of the littoral and reduced access to the ocean. These negative externalities and frictions have triggered local political controversies, commercial and economic disputes, labour strikes, and urban and socio-territorial conflicts.

China’s economic transition has greatly unleashed entrepreneurship and private enterprise development since the 1980s. In this article, we review the recent literature on entrepreneurship in China and summarize 11 articles included in this China special issue. Our literature review shows that the unique institutional and cultural settings behind the Chinese economy have led to some distinct perspectives of studying entrepreneurship. The articles included in this special issue further advance the entrepreneurship research embedded in the Chinese context and shed lights on entrepreneurship policy in emerging economies. Most recently, China has recognized entrepreneurship as one of the key driving forces of sustained economic development and is accordingly making many efforts to encourage and facilitate entrepreneurial activity. Following this new development, it is imperative to study China’s national and regional entrepreneurship systems in future research.

Economic transitions in countries that move from state planning and redistribution to market exchange create business opportunities but also uncertainty, because many interdependent factors—modes of exchange, types of products, and forms of organizations—are in flux. Uncertainty is even greater when the country's political institutions remain authoritarian because the rule of law is weak and state bureaucrats retain power over the economy. This study of listed firms in China, which has recently seen economic transition but persistent authoritarianism, shows that in such contexts, firms can reduce uncertainty by developing relationships with state bureaucrats, which help firms learn how state bureaucracies operate and engender trust between firms and bureaucrats. Together, knowledge and trust stabilize operations and help persuade bureaucrats to lighten regulatory burdens, grant firms access to state-controlled resources, and improve government oversight. Our results show that as economic transitions proceed and uncertainty increases, business-state ties increasingly improve firm performance. We also investigate two likely contingencies, industry and firm size, and two important causal mechanisms, access to bank loans and protection from related-party loans, and show that the value of business-state relations varies over time, depending on the trajectory of both economic and political institutions.

A mega city region comprises a cluster of highly networked urban settlements anchored by one or more large cities. Substantial studies have been conducted in the 21st century to theorise the development of mega city regions from two perspectives: one focuses on the rationale/challenges of planning and governance while the other focuses on the economic forces that generate the mega city regions. In China, the outstanding position of mega city regions in China’s economic development has been accentuated in both academic research and recent policies. Recent studies have unpacked the political dynamics of mega city regions in China and identified challenges for planning and governance. The present study approaches this issue through another theoretical lens and deciphers the economic process underneath the recent upsurge of Chinese mega city regions. By unfolding the economic transition since the late 1970s to trace the footprints of mega city region development, the paper contributes a discourse of how different waves of economic transition – that is, rural industrialisation, land-centred development and urban tertiarisation – have been steering individual cities towards super mega city regions. The paper also identifies the distinctive challenges confronting the future development of China’s mega city regions, including jurisdictional fragmentation, socio-spatial inequality and environmental externalities, which were created because of the strong bottom-up initiatives in land development during rural industrialisation. New policies and planning are required in response to these challenges as well as to the emerging new industries in the new wave of economic transition (i.e. from labour-intensive industries to the development of high-tech industries). 特大城市区域由一个或多个大城市锚定的高度网络化的城市住区群组成。21世纪的学者们进行了大量研究，从两个角度对特大城市区域的发展进行理论化：一个侧重于规划和治理的理论基础/挑战，另一个侧重于产生特大城市区域的经济力量。在中国，特大城市地区在中国经济发展中的突出地位在学术研究和近期政策中都得到了强调。最近的研究揭示了中国特大城市地区的政策动态，并确定了规划和治理面临的挑战。本研究从另一个理论视角探讨这一问题，解读中国特大城市区域最近的崛起的经济过程。本文呈现了自20世纪70年代末以来的经济转型，从而追踪了特大城市区域发展的足迹。在此基础上，本文探讨了不同的经济转型浪潮—即农村工业化、以土地为中心的开发和城市的第三产业化—如何引导单个城市走向特大城市区域。本文还确定了中国特大城市地区未来发展面临的独特挑战，包括管辖权分散、社会空间不平等和环境外部性，这些挑战是由农村工业化期间强有力的自下而上的土地开发举措造成的。需要新的政策和规划来应对这些挑战以及新一轮经济转型中出现的新产业（即从劳动密集型产业到高技术产业的发展）。

Although natural resource’s negative impacts on economic growth have been extensively explored, its curse on energy carbon performance may remain ignored. Combining theoretical analysis, this paper further examines the curse of mineral resource dependence on energy carbon performance and the specific mechanism. In 2019, if optimal production is achieved in all sample cities, China would reduce electricity consumption by 42.941% and carbon emissions by 43.958%. Compared to non-resource-based cities, the potential ratios of energy savings and carbon reduction in resource-based cities are 5.403% and 6.059% higher, respectively. When the mineral resource dependence is less than 0.042%, it contributes to energy carbon performance, but when the mineral resource dependence exceeds 0.042%, higher mineral resource dependence implies more serious energy carbon performance curse, which explains the coexistence of resource blessing and resource curse. Economic restructuring stickiness caused by mineral resource dependence serves as a key mechanism for energy carbon performance curse, and energy, factor and industry restructuring stickiness are specific channels for this mechanism. First published online 4 June 2026

Rural restructuring is a process of reshaping socio-economic morphology and spatial pattern in rural territory in response to the changes of elements both in kernel system and external system of rural development, by optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements in the two systems. It aims at ultimately optimizing the structure and promoting the function within rural territorial system as well as realizing the coordination of structure and complementation of function between urban and rural territorial system. This paper establishes a theoretical framework of rural restructuring through elabo- rating the concept and connotations as well as analyzing the mechanism pushing forward rural restructuring based on the evolution of ＂elements-structure-function＂, and probes the approaches from the three aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. Besides, the authors argue that the study of rural restructuring in China in the future needs to focus on the aspects of long-term and multi-scale process and pattern, mechanism, regional models, rural planning technology system and standard, policy and institutional innovations concerning rural restructuring as well as the impacts of globalization on rural restructuring, in order to serve the current national strategic demands and cope with the changes of rural development elements in the process of urban-rural development transformation.

We construct a growth model consistent with China's economic transition: high output growth, sustained returns on capital, reallocation within the manufacturing sector, and a large trade surplus. Entrepreneurial firms use more productive technologies, but due to financial imperfections they must finance investments through internal savings. State-owned firms have low productivity but survive because of better access to credit markets. High-productivity firms outgrow low-productivity firms if entrepreneurs have sufficiently high savings. The downsizing of financially integrated firms forces domestic savings to be invested abroad, generating a foreign surplus. A calibrated version of the theory accounts quantitatively for China's economic transition.

Recent developments in the field of machine learning offer new ways of modelling complex sociospatial processes, allowing us to make predictions about how and where they might manifest in the future. Drawing on earlier empirical and theoretical attempts to understand gentrification and urban change, this paper shows it is possible to analyse existing patterns and processes of neighbourhood change to identify areas likely to experience change in the future. This is evidenced through an analysis of socio-economic transition in London neighbourhoods (based on 2001 and 2011 Census variables) which is used to predict those areas most likely to demonstrate ‘uplift’ or ‘decline’ by 2021. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of such modelling for the understanding of gentrification processes, noting that if qualitative work on gentrification and neighbourhood change is to offer more than a rigorous post-mortem then intensive, qualitative case studies must be confronted with – and complemented by – predictions stemming from other, more extensive approaches. As a demonstration of the capabilities of machine learning, this paper underlines the continuing value of quantitative approaches in understanding complex urban processes such as gentrification. 机器学习领域的最新发展为复杂的社会空间过程建模提供了新方法，使我们能够预测这些过程未来可能的走向。本文借鉴此前的经验和理论研究成果来理解绅士化和城市变化，并表明，我们有可能通过分析现有的社区变化模式和过程，确定未来很可能发生变化的领域。这可以通过对伦敦各社区的社会经济转变（基于2001年和2011年的人口普查变量）进行分析来证明，该分析用于预测到2021年最有可能发生“提升”或“下降”的区域。本文最后探讨的是这种模型对于理解绅士化过程的意义，并指出，如果绅士化和社区变化的定性研究工作要超越刻板的事后观察，那么深入的定性案例研究必须面对来自其他更广泛的方法的预测，并被后者补充。作为机器学习能力的证明，本文强调了定量方法在理解绅士化等复杂城市化过程方面的持续价值。

This classic work chronicles how New York, London, and Tokyo became command centers for the global economy and in the process underwent a series of massive and parallel changes. What distinguishes Sassen's theoretical framework is the emphasis on the formation of cross-border dynamics through which these cities and the growing number of other global cities begin to form strategic transnational networks. All the core data in this new edition have been updated, while the preface and epilogue discuss the relevant trends in globalization since the book originally came out in 1991.

To ameliorate the efficiency of urban green innovation is the key to realizing green economic transition. This paper constructs a Super-NSBM model with green patents as the intermediate output, uses this model to assess and decompose the green innovation efficiency of 284 Chinese cities, and finally analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics and influential factors. The research result showed the gap of urban green innovation total efficiency among various regions in China is narrowing, while the spatial differentiation of decomposition efficiency is deepening. This means that a spatial collaborative innovation division pattern of “Eastern Region R&D + Southwest and Northeast Region Transformation” has gradually formed. In the meantime, this paper also found that the spillover effects of the urban green innovation total efficiency and phased efficiency all can form a significant demonstration effect on the surrounding areas. Finally, financial agglomeration, industrial structure, knowledge sharing, economic activity, higher education, opening, and environmental regulations may affect urban green innovation total efficiency and phased efficiency, and this effect has regional heterogeneity.