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The Economic Weapon
The first international history of the emergence of
economic sanctions during the interwar period and the legacy of
this development Economic sanctions dominate the landscape
of world politics today. First developed in the early twentieth
century as a way of exploiting the flows of globalization to defend
liberal internationalism, their appeal is that they function as an
alternative to war. This view, however, ignores the dark paradox at
their core: designed to prevent war, economic sanctions are modeled
on devastating techniques of warfare. Tracing the use of economic
sanctions from the blockades of World War I to the policing of
colonial empires and the interwar confrontation with fascism,
Nicholas Mulder uses extensive archival research in a political,
economic, legal, and military history that reveals how a coercive
wartime tool was adopted as an instrument of peacekeeping by the
League of Nations. This timely study casts an overdue light on why
sanctions are widely considered a form of war, and why their
unintended consequences are so tremendous.
eBook
Sanctions : what everyone needs to know
\"Even before the extensive sanctions imposed on Russia for its 2022 invasion of Ukraine, it was hard to browse the news without seeing reports of yet another set of sanctions. The United States has sanctions against over 30 countries as well as drug traffickers, terrorist organizations and specially designated individuals. China long has been a target of sanctions and in recent years increasingly a wielder against countries and companies even organizations like the National Basketball Association (NBA). Russia also has been sanctions sender as well as target. The European Union has joined some of the American sanctions as well as imposing its own. In some cases the United Nations has authorized fully multilateral sanctions. While being used more frequently in recent years sanctions go back decades, indeed centuries, to such cases as the 432 BC Athens against Sparta and Napoleon's 1808-1814 Continental System. Given such frequency of use, you'd think sanctions were a sure-fire weapon. Yet the record is quite mixed. So some initial puzzles: Why are economic sanctions used so much? What are the key factors affecting their success? These and related questions are well suited for an Oxford University Press What Everyone Needs to Know book. They long have been important among international relations scholars, spanning international security and international political economy subfields. And with sanctions such a recurring foreign policy strategy, they are crucial for policy makers. As someone who has both studied sanctions as a scholar and worked on these issues while serving in key U.S. foreign policy positions, Bruce W. Jentleson is well suited to provide analysis valuable for students, scholars and practitioners\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sanctions as War
Sanctions as War is the first critical analysis of economic sanctions from a global perspective. Featuring case studies from 11 sanctioned countries and theoretical essays, it will be of immediate interest to those interested in understanding how sanctions became the common sense of American foreign policy.
eBook
Backfire : how sanctions reshape the world against U.S. interests
\"Sanctions have become a go-to diplomatic tool for the US, be it against Iran, Russia or Turkey. However, sanctions come with unexpected, global side-effects that are rarely discussed. All of these side-effects have a meaningful impact on businesses, financial markets and governments. First, US sanctions are pushing countries that are at odds with the US, such as Turkey, Russia and Iran, closer to each other, with massive consequences on traditional alliances, such as NATO. Second, Russia and China directly benefit from US sanctions, as targeted countries are turning to Moscow and Beijing for strategic deals. Third, US sanctions can have unforeseen ripple effects on America's allies, which often fuels resentment against the US. In this book, sanctions expert Agathe Demarais presents a fresh take on U.S. sanctions from the outside, exploring how international relations, energy markets, and the global economy writ large is shaken in unforeseen ways when the U.S. decides to use sanctions as a political weapon\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The economic weapon : the rise of sanctions as a tool of modern war
\"Tracing the history of economic sanctions from the blockades of World War I to the policing of colonial empires and the interwar confrontation with fascism, Nicholas Mulder combines political, economic, legal, and military history to reveal how a coercive wartime tool was adopted as an instrument of peacekeeping by the League of Nations.This timely study casts an overdue light on why sanctions are widely considered a form of war, and why their unintended consequences are so tremendous.\"
eBook
The Impact of External Pressure on Companies’ Responses to Sanctions – an International Comparative Study
What explains the strategies firms adopt in response to economic sanctions? Our study argues that different types of external pressure, such as public shaming, the nature of companies’ business relationships, and national-level legal-regulatory environments affects how firms respond to the sanctions imposed against Russia after its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. We develop a suite of hypotheses about how external pressure affects firms’ compliance behaviors and whether firms adopt reactive and/or proactive strategic responses. We test our hypotheses by analyzing results from a survey of 610 medium-sized companies operating in Germany, Poland, and the United States. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we find that external pressure is associated with higher levels of compliance and overcompliance with sanctions but is also associated with undercompliant behavior. We also find that compliance with sanctions is associated with a high degree of proactive response, which suggests compliant firms may often seek out legal means of circumventing sanctions. We further observed variation in the effects of external pressure, compliance behavior, and strategic responses on US firms compared to those in European Union members Germany and Poland.
Journal Article
Unilateral sanctions in international law and the enforcement of human rights : the impact of the principle of common concern of humankind
\"The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. Are unilateral economic sanctions legal under public international law? How do they relate to the existing international legal principles and norms? Can unilateral economic sanctions imposed to redress grave human rights violations be subjected to the same legal contestations as other unilateral sanctions? What potential contribution can the recently formulated doctrine of the Common Concern of Humankind make by introducing substantive and procedural prerequisites to legitimise unilateral human rights sanctions? Unilateral Sanctions in International Law and the Enforcement of Human Rights by Iryna Bogdanova addresses these complex questions while taking account of the burgeoning state practice of employing unilateral economic sanctions\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Bloomberg surveillance. French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire
French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire speaks with Bloomberg's Francine Lacqua. France Economy Minister Bruno Le Maire tells Bloomberg's Francine Lacqua Macron played a key role in triggering Biden-Putin meeting but if diplomatic efforts won't work, sanctions remain available that would hit the Russian people, the Russian state, and Russian economic interests. Le Maire would not confirm if sanctions include energy. Says in the long term we must draw from this crisis that Europe must be more independent as far as energy is concerned.
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