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Relationships between Pacific salmon and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
Pacific salmon influence temperate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems through the dispersal of marine-derived nutrients and ecosystem engineering of stream beds when spawning. They also support large fisheries, particularly along the west coast of North America. We provide a comprehensive synthesis of relationships between the densities of Pacific salmon and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, summarize the direction, shape, and magnitude of these relationships, and identify possible ecosystem-based management indicators and benchmarks. We found 31 studies that provided 172 relationships between salmon density (or salmon abundance) and species abundance, species diversity, food provisioning, individual growth, concentration of marine-derived isotopes, nutrient enhancement, phenology, and several other ecological responses. The most common published relationship was between salmon density and marine-derived isotopes (40%), whereas very few relationships quantified ecosystem-level responses (5%). Only 13% of all relationships tended to reach an asymptote (i.e., a saturating response) as salmon densities increased. The number of salmon killed by bears and the change in biomass of different stream invertebrate taxa between spawning and nonspawning seasons were relationships that usually reached saturation. Approximately 46% of all relationships were best described with linear or curved nonasymptotic models, indicating a lack of saturation. In contrast, 41% of data sets showed no relationship with salmon density or abundance, including many of the relationships with stream invertebrate and biofilm biomass density, marine-derived isotope concentrations, or vegetation density. Bears required the highest densities of salmon to reach their maximum observed food consumption (i.e., 9.2 kg/m² to reach the 90% threshold of the relationship’s asymptote), followed by freshwater fish abundance (90% threshold = 7.3 kg/m² of salmon). Although the effects of salmon density on ecosystems are highly varied, it appears that several of these relationships, such as bear food consumption, could be used to develop indicators and benchmarks for ecosystem-based fisheries management.
Journal Article
Ecosystem Services as a Common Language for Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management
Ecosystem-based management is logistically and politically challenging because ecosystems are inherently complex and management decisions affect a multitude of groups. Coastal ecosystems, which lie at the interface between marine and terrestrial ecosystems and provide an array of ecosystem services to different groups, aptly illustrate these challenges. Successful ecosystem-based management of coastal ecosystems requires incorporating scientific information and the knowledge and views of interested parties into the decision-making process. Estimating the provision of ecosystem services under alternative management schemes offers a systematic way to incorporate biogeophysical and socioeconomic information and the views of individuals and groups in the policy and management process. Employing ecosystem services as a common language to improve the process of ecosystem-based management presents both benefits and difficulties. Benefits include a transparent method for assessing trade-offs associated with management alternatives, a common set of facts and common currency on which to base negotiations, and improved communication among groups with competing interests or differing worldviews. Yet challenges to this approach remain, including predicting how human interventions will affect ecosystems, how such changes will affect the provision of ecosystem services, and how changes in service provision will affect the welfare of different groups in society. In a case study from Puget Sound, Washington, we illustrate the potential of applying ecosystem services as a common language for ecosystem-based management.
Journal Article
Capitalizing on nature : ecosystems as natural assets
\"The basic unit of nature - the ecosystem - is a special form of wealth, which we can think of as a stock of natural capital. However, perhaps because this capital is free, we have tended to view it as limitless, abundant and always available for our use, exploitation and conversion. Capitalizing on Nature shows how modeling ecosystems as natural capital can help us to analyze the economic behavior that has led to the overuse of so much ecological wealth. It explains how this concept of ecosystem as natural capital sheds light on a number of important issues, including landscape conversion, ecological restoration, ecosystem resilience and collapse, spatial benefits and payments for ecosystem services. The book concludes by focusing on major policy challenges that need to be overcome in order to avert the worsening problem of ecological scarcity and how we can fund novel financing mechanisms for global conservation\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Underwater and Coastal Archaeology in Latin America
Diverse case studies that explore the relationship
between humans and water environments
This volume features a range of theoretical and methodological
approaches to underwater and coastal archaeology in Latin America.
Showcasing the efforts of 82 researchers working across the region,
the case studies in this book point to a long tradition of
practices and beliefs related to the exploitation and management of
aquatic environments, displaying a wide chronological vision that
recognizes the vast and rich precolonial heritage of these
waters.
Chapters on the pre-Hispanic period include an analysis of
evidence about the exploitation of maritime resources, ritual
practices related to water, ancestral navigation, and inundated
cultural landscapes, addressing examples from Mesoamerica, the
Central American isthmus, and the Andes. Historical case studies
are also explored, including shipwrecks, harbors, and maritime
coastal landscapes in the Caribbean, on the Atlantic coast, and in
Patagonia. Th e countries represented comprise Mexico, Belize,
Nicaragua, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba, Venezuela,
the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and
Uruguay.
The material landscapes of oceans, lakes, and rivers discussed
in this volume contribute to a better understanding of the dynamic
relationships between humans and their environments over time. By
integrating the study of behaviors associated with waterscapes into
the interpretations of past and current cultures, this volume
introduces new ways of seeing Latin America.
Contributors : Carmela Alarcón Ledesma | Dalila
Aldana Aranda | Jesús Aldana Mendoza | Cruz Apestegui Cardenal |
Diana E. Arano Recio | Letizia Arbeteta | Amaru Argüeso | Mary
Avila Peltroche | Laura Báez Santos | Benjamin Ballester | Helena
Barba-Meinecke | Alexandra Biar | Maickel Cáceres Suárez | Flávio
Rizzi Calippo | Paulo Fernando Bava de Camargo | José M. Capriles |
Laura Carrillo Márquez | Ana Castelli | Claudia Castillo | Nina
Castillo Sánchez | Victoria Castro Rojas | Nicolás C. Ciarlo | Luis
V. J. Coll | Richard G. Cooke | Vicente Cortéz Billet | Gabriela
Covarrubias Ale | Robert de Hoop | Carlos Del Cairo Hurtado |
Christophe Delaere | Leon Derksen | Salvador Domínguez-Bella |
Matías Dourteau | Peter Eeckhout | Dolores Elkin | Yolanda Espinoza
Morales | Julieta Frere | Marcelo Gabaldón Rodenas | Alexander
Geurds | Mónica Grosso | Guillermo Gutiérrez | Josué Guzmán Torres
| William J. Harvey | Iris del Rocío Hernández Bautista | José
Hudtwalcker Morán | Ilean Isaza-Aizpurúa | Juan Jijón Porras |
Máximo Jiménez-Acosta | Roberto Junco | Eduardo Keldjian | Marcos
Labrada Ochoa | Serge Lemaitre | Carlos León Amores | Nicolás Lira
San Martín | Milton Luján Dávila | Martijn Manders | Josefa Martí
Solano | Juan G. Martín | Marcial Medina Huanca | Velia V. Mendoza
España | Cristian Murray | Bryan Núñez Aparcana | Bárbara Olguín |
Carlos Pacheco Navarro | Eduardo Pareja Siñanis | José Miguel
Pérez-Gómez | Abiud Pizá Chávez | Gilson Rambelli | Johan Reinhard
| Javier Reyes Trujeque | Carla Riera Andreu | Felipe Rubio Munita
| Marcela Sepúlveda | Ashley Sharpe | Isabel Silva León | Nicole E.
Smith-Guzmán | Catalina Soto Rodríguez | Caroline Tilleux | Irene
Torreggiani | Rodrigo Torres | Mónica Patricia Valentini | Marcelo
Weissel | Andrés Zuccolotto Villalobos
eBook
Ecosystems of California
This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for California's remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem type-its distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state,Ecosystems of Californiacovers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed.Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of California's ecological patterns and the history of the state's various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the state's ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of California's environment and curious naturalists.
eBook
Ocean Acidification
The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings.
Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.
eBook