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Education and gendered citizenship in Pakistan
\"This book challenges the uncritical use of the long held dictum of the development discourse that education empowers women. Situated in the post-structuralist feminist position it argues that in its current state the educational discourse in Pakistan actually disempowers women. Furthermore, through a systematic examination of the educational discourse in Pakistan the book argues that the educational discourse (through curricula, textbooks and pedagogical practices) constitutes gendered identities and positions them in a way that exacerbates and intensifies inequalities between men and women on one hand and between the dominant and minority groups on the other. Gendered constitution and positioning of subjects also regulates the relationship between the subjects and the state in a way that women and minorities are excluded from the development and citizenship realms. Finally, it uncovers the mechanisms through which the educational discourse in Pakistan constitutes a militant nationalism and militaristic nationalistic subjects.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Education and gendered citizenship in Pakistan
\"This book challenges the uncritical use of the long held dictum of the development discourse that education empowers women. Situated in the post-structuralist feminist position it argues that in its current state the educational discourse in Pakistan actually disempowers women. Furthermore, through a systematic examination of the educational discourse in Pakistan the book argues that the educational discourse (through curricula, textbooks and pedagogical practices) constitutes gendered identities and positions them in a way that exacerbates and intensifies inequalities between men and women on one hand and between the dominant and minority groups on the other. Gendered constitution and positioning of subjects also regulates the relationship between the subjects and the state in a way that women and minorities are excluded from the development and citizenship realms. Finally, it uncovers the mechanisms through which the educational discourse in Pakistan constitutes a militant nationalism and militaristic nationalistic subjects.\" Machine generated contents note: Conceptual Framework * Education System and the Educational Policy Discourse in Pakistan * Women and the State in Pakistan: A History of the Present * Educational Discourse and the Constitution of Gendered Subjectivities in Pakistan.
eBook
Equity challenges in academic satisfaction through online learning platforms and post-COVID implications using multigroup analysis
During the lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic, the education sector implemented online teaching using a variety of online learning platforms (OLPs). Pakistan, a developing country, was not fully ready for this sudden move from offline to online teaching methods. Despite the effectiveness of online platforms in academic learning, concerns related to equity issues among students and teachers, such as the accessibility and affordability of internet and related technologies, ICT skills, and time management, have been raised. In this scenario, it is important to measure the effects of internal and external challenges to academic satisfaction of students and teachers. This study incorporates the technology acceptance model (TAM) and theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to build theoretical support. The study adopts a quantitative method, and a survey was conducted with 404 respondents representing students and faculty members of leading universities in all provinces of Pakistan. The data set was measured using multi-group analysis. The findings reveal a significant difference in the relationship between the use of OLPs and the academic satisfaction of students and teachers. However, the results do not reveal any significant difference for other hypothesized relationships across the two groups. This study suggests possible areas of improvement for educationists and educational policy makers to formulate future policies considering the issues raised in this study, in the context of a blended teaching setup.
Journal Article
Education gender gaps in Pakistan: is the labour market to blame
Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data - the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002) - are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component \"explained\" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Journal Article
Can education be a path to gender equality in the labour market? An update on Pakistan
This paper investigates some of the economic outcomes of education in Pakistan with a view to understanding if education can act as a vehicle for labour market success. Data from a purpose-designed survey of more than 1000 households in Pakistan are utilised. Earnings functions are estimated for agricultural workers, the self-employed and wage earners to estimate the returns to the 'quantity' and the 'quality' of schooling in different occupations, by gender. The paper also estimates the returns to knowing 'English' in the Pakistani labour market separately for men and women.
Journal Article
Returns to Education in Pakistan with Comments
This paper investigates whether the education inequality in Pakistan varies across the wage distribution of individuals. We adopt a quantile regression framework, which then uses different quantile spreads to analyse the conditional inequality using the data drawn from the Labour Force Surveys over the 1990 to 2003 timeperiod. The analysis also shows how the return to education varies when different sets of variables or combinations are used. Education coefficient decreases when post-education decisions are introduced. This paper uses pooled data as well as pseudo panel approaches, as the LFS arc not continuous in cross-section surveys and findings suggest that results obtained from the pseudo panel approaches are more robust than the pooled sample data. The estimates also show that the evidence of conditional education inequality in Pakistan, and also that inequality has increased over the years. The conditional inequality has been increased from 1.13 to about 1.26 in the 1990 to 2003 sample period. Estimates have also been produced for different levels of education and categories like provinces, gender, area of living, and industries. The highest increase in conditional education inequality is found for the person who has completed the Matriculation or Intermediate qualification as compared to all other educational levels.
Journal Article
Human Resources, Poverty, and Regional Development with Comments
Human development has moved to centre stage in development theory. Education makes an important contribution to economic growth, but achievement of mass education is important for a number of other reasons as well. Inequality of access to education is a serious issue everywhere, and serves to reinforce the inequality of income. Inequality is evident from the viewpoint of socio-economic background, of gender, and of regional disparities. In a poverty alleviation programme, tackling regional inequalities in education may be crucial, yet it raises many issues. Will expanding educational opportunities only result in frustration if appropriate jobs are not available? Is the key role of education in poor regions to enable educated young people to migrate elsewhere to find better jobs? In international comparisons, Pakistan appears well behind comparable countries in educational development. \"Path dependency\" means that the legacy of past deficiencies in expanding education will adversely affect Pakistan's development for decades to come, and what is done now in education will affect development for hah 0 a century. A simple projection shows that even with the highly optimistic assumption that by 2030, Pakistan will reach the enrolment rates currently achieved in the United States, the proportion of the working-age population in that year with no education or only primary school education would still be as high as 35 percent. This underlines the need for a strong drive to expand educational opportunity.
Journal Article
A Critical Assessment of Free Public Schooling in Pakistan with Comments
Free schooling financed by government funding dominated our educational scene till the decade of 1980s. This policy was expected to be helpful in providing universal primary education and eradicating mass illiteracy, in addition to being conducive to equity and social justice. The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate the performance of this institutional arrangement, and to see how successful it was in achieving these objectives. We look at the severity and future prognosis of the resource constraint which is one of the major causes of the decline of our government owned school system and examine the state of education in which we find our country after several decades of emphasis on free provision of schooling by the government. Implications of this policy for educational equality and efficient resource allocation have also been studied. The study concludes that the resource constraint that has hampered improvement in the availability and quality of publicly provided education is very severe and hard to overcome. The state of education in the country is far from enviable. We have not been able to make any significant progress in achieving educational equality between regions and genders. There is also evidence to suggest that some misallocation of resources across various levels of education is taking place. Need for rethinking our approach toward providing and financing education is evident.
Journal Article
Uneducated and Unhealthy: The Plight of Women in Pakistan with Comments
The title of this paper is self-explanatory. It discusses underinvestment in female education and health and the deleterious effects this has on not only women themselves but on the future generation which women bring forth and nourish. This underinvestment is more pronounced in the rural areas of Pakistan where the bulk of the population resides and where low levels of education, lack of awareness and access to medical facilities pose a major threat to the development of a healthy and productive society. Combining macro-level data on population growth rates, female mortality and literacy with two micro-level studies based on extensive participant observation and in-depth interviewing in two Punjabi villages, the data presented in the paper aims to sensitise the readers of the realities of women's social existance and of the complexities of female neglect specifically in terms of education and health. The paper also highlights some of the dominant cultural notions regarding women which become instrumental in hampering women's access to education, information and other structures of power. The confinement of women to narrow domestic and powerless domains has far-reaching and negative consequences of which statistics portray a picture.
Journal Article