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"Educational planning Pacific Area."
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Growing smarter : learning and equitable development in East Asia and Pacific
More children are going to school, staying in school for longer, and learning than ever before in East Asia and Pacific (EAP). During the past 50 years, a group of countries in EAP have successfully transformed their economies by investing in the continuous upgrading of knowledge, skills, and abilities of their workforce. Through policy foresight, they have produced graduates with new levels of knowledge and skills almost as fast as industries increased their demand for them. Yet, the success of these high performing systems has not been replicated throughout the region. Hundreds of millions of students in the region are still in school but not learning, and roughly two of three students in EAP remain in school systems struggling to escape from the global learning crisis, or whose performance is likely poor. Most students in these systems fail to reach basic levels of proficiency in key subjects, and are greatly disadvantaged because of it. This report focuses on the experiences of countries in the region that were able to expand schooling and learning as well as showcases countries that have managed to successfully pursue education reforms at scale. By examining these experiences, it provides both diagnoses and detailed recommendations for improvement not only for education systems within EAP but for countries across the globe. In EAP, the impressive record of success in education in some developing countries is proof-of-concept that schooling in resource-constrained contexts can lead to learning for all. This report identifies the policies and practices necessary to ensure learning and suggests how countries can raise learning outcomes through a framework of five essential domains and their associated elements.-- Provided by Publisher.
Book
Trends in central nervous system cancers mortality in the United States and the underlying sociodemographic determinants, 1999–2020
Abstract
Though central nervous system (CNS) cancers have become a critical health concern in the United States, a comprehensive understanding of the nationwide and group-specific trends over time is still limited. This surveillance-based study used data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. Age-standardised mortality trends and the Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) trends were estimated by demographic. We calculated the relative risks between various county-level socioeconomic factors and mortality for CNS cancers. CNS cancers death rates have decreased from 1999 to 2020 in the U.S., while they increased by 2% annually (AAPC, 0.2%, 95% CI [0.0% to 0.4%]) among people aged ≥65 years. The highest increase in CNS cancer was observed among Asian or Pacific Islanders (AAPC, 1.3%, 95% CI [0.8% to 2.3%]), followed by American Indian/Alaska Native individuals (AAPC, 1.2%, 95% CI [-0.3% to 3.0%]). Additionally, individuals residing in counties with greater poverty, more rural area, and lower education levels tended to have higher age-standardised mortality. There were varying degrees of increased mortality rates from CNS cancers by demographic. The strong association of CNS cancers mortality with county SES and rurality suggests that county-based public health strategies are needed to reduce this disparity in mortality.
Journal Article
The Quantity-Quality Trade-Off of Children in a Developing Country: Identification Using Chinese Twins
Testing the trade-off between child quantity and quality within a family is complicated by the endogeneity of family size. Using data from the Chinese Population Census, we examine the effect of family size on child educational attainment in China. We find a negative correlation between family size and child outcome, even after we control for the birth order effect. We then instrument family size by the exogenous variation that is induced by a twin birth and find a negative effect of family size on children's education. We also find that the effect of family size is more evident in rural China, where the public education system is poor. Given that our estimates of the effect of having twins on nontwins at least provide the lower bound of the true effect of family size, these findings suggest a quantity-quality trade-off for children in developing countries.
Journal Article
Market transition, educational disparities, and family strategies in rural China
Two theoretical perspectives have dominated debates about the impact of development on gender stratification: modernization theory, which argues that gender inequalities decline with economic growth, and the \"women in development\" perspective, which argues that development may initially widen gender gaps. Analyzing cross-sectional surveys and time-series data from China, this article indicates the relevance of both perspectives: while girls' educational opportunities were clearly more responsive than boys' to better household economic circumstances, the era of market transition in the late 1970s and early 1980s failed to accelerate and, in fact, may have temporarily slowed progress toward gender equity.
Journal Article
Wang Gungwu, educator and scholar
The name Wang Gungwu is iconic. He is one of the most eminent scholars and historians in Asia today and is renowned for his scholarship on the history of the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia, and the history and civilisation of China and Southeast Asia. A well-known scholar aside, Wang Gungwu has been an inspiring educator since he embarked on an academic career first at the University of Malaya and subsequently at the Australian National University before making his mark as vice chancellor of the University of Hong Kong from 1986 to 1995, chairman of the Institute of East Asian Political Economy from 1996 to 1997, and director of the East Asian Institute (EAI) of the National University of Singapore from 1997 to 2007.
eBook
Causes, epidemiology, and long-term outcome of traumatic cataracts in children in rural India
To describe preoperative factors, long-term (>3 years) postoperative outcome and cost of traumatic cataracts in children in predominantly rural districts of western India. Subjects : Eighty-two traumatic cataracts in 81 children in a pediatric ophthalmology department of a tertiary eye-care center.
Traumatic cataracts operated in 2004-2008 were reexamined prospectively in 2010-2011 using standardized technique. Cause and type of trauma, demographic factors, surgical intervention, complications, and visual acuity was recorded.
Data analysis done by using SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 17.0 We have used Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired t-test to find the association between the final vision and various parameters at 5% level of significance; binary logistic regression was performed for visual outcome ≥6/18 and ≥6/60.
The children were examined in a 3-7 year follow-up (4.35 ± 1.54). Average age at time of surgery was 10.4 ± 4.43 years (1.03 to 18). Fifty (61.7%) were boys. Forty (48.8%) were blunt and 32 (39%) were sharp trauma. The most common cause was wooden stick 23 (28.0%) and sharp thorn 14 (17.1%). Delay between trauma and presentation to hospital ranged from same day to 12 years after the injury with median of 4 days. The mean preoperative visual acuity by decimal notation was 0.059 ± 0.073 and mean postoperative visual acuity was 0.483 ± 0.417 (P < 0.001). Thirty-eight (46.3%) had best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥6/18 and 51 (62.2%) had BCVA ≥ 6/60. In univariable analysis, visual outcome (≥6/18) depended on type of surgery (P = 0.002), gender (P = 0.028), and type of injury (P = 0.07)-sharp trauma and open globe injury had poorer outcomes; but not on age of child, preoperative vision, and type of surgeon. On multivariable binary logistic regression, only gender was significant variable. Of the 82 eyes, 18 (22%) needed more than one surgery. The parents spent an average of Rs. 2250 ($45) for the surgery and 55 (66.4%) were from lower socio-economic class.
The postoperative visual outcomes varied and less than half achieved ≥ 6/18.
Journal Article
ELT, gender and international development
For believers in the power of English, language as aid can deliver the promise of a brighter future; but in a neocolonial world of international development, a gulf exists between belief and reality. Rich with echoes of an earlier colonial era, this book draws on the candid narratives of white women teachers, and situates classroom practices within a broad reading of the West and the Rest. What happens when white Western men and women come in to rebuild former colonies in Asia? How do English language lessons translate, or disintegrate, in a radically different world? How is English teaching linked to ideas of progress? This book presents the paradoxes of language aid in the twenty-first century in a way that will challenge your views of English and its power to improve the lives of people in the developing world.
eBook
CIGARETTE SMOKING, BINGE DRINKING, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND DIET IN 138 ASIAN AMERICAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS IN BROOKLYN, NEW YORK
Assessment of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet in lie Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community has been neglected. A questionnaire was used to investigate these health risk behaviors in 466 students at an urban community college and results for the 138 AAPI study participants were compared to the 328 non-Asians. Results for AAPI study participants showed that twenty percent (20.3%) were current cigarette smokers and 7.7% smoked eleven or more cigarettes per day. Ten percent (10.7%) reported binge drinking on one to two days per month and 17.3% reported binge drinking on three or more days per month. With regard to physical activity, 28.8% participated in stretching, 23.6% in strength and toning, 29.4% in moderate exercise, and 25.4% in vigorous exercise. Results indicated that on the day preceding the survey, only 11.9% consumed five or more servings of fruits and vegetables, 88.4% ate no more than two servings of high-fat foods, and 37.6% consumed tofu, soymilk, or other soy food. AAPI study participants were more likely to frequently binge drink (p<.05), less likely to participate in strength and toning exercises (p<.05), and more likely to consume soy foods daily (p<.01) than non-Asian study participants. Recommendations are presented for health promotion program planning.
Journal Article
