Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
67,657
result(s) for
"Effectiveness studies"
Sort by:
From sample average treatment effect to population average treatment effect on the treated: combining experimental with observational studies to estimate population treatment effects
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can provide unbiased estimates of sample average treatment effects. However, a common concern is that RCTs may fail to provide unbiased estimates of population average treatment effects. We derive the assumptions that are required to identify population average treatment effects from RCTs. We provide placebo tests, which formally follow from the identifying assumptions and can assess whether they hold. We offer new research designs for estimating population effects that use non-randomized studies to adjust the RCT data. This approach is considered in a cost-effectiveness analysis of a clinical intervention: pulmonary artery catheterization.
Journal Article
Organizational behaviour in sport
\"What makes a sports organization successful? How can managers working in sport improve organizational effectiveness through strategic behaviour management? This comprehensive and accessible textbook addresses these important questions and examines the theories that underpin organizational analysis in sport. Helping both students and practitioners to understand the different types of behaviour that occur within a sports organization, it also demonstrates how to develop ways of managing behaviour more effectively for the benefit of all stakeholders. The book explores behaviour on individual, interpersonal, group and whole organization levels, and presents an evidence-based framework for analysis built around key concepts such as: - motivation, rewards and incentives - power, influence and leadership - conflict, disputes and grievances - anxiety, stress and alienation - equity, diversity and inclusion. With international case studies, learning objectives, review questions and guides to further reading included in every chapter, no other textbook develops critical skills or an awareness of ethical issues in such detail and depth. Organizational Behaviour in Sport is essential reading for all students and practitioners working in sport, leisure or recreation management.\" -- Provided by publisher.
Book
Least cost analysis of social landscapes : archaeological case studies
A growing number of archaeologists are applying Geographic Information Science (GIS) technologies to their research problems and questions. Advances in GIS and its use across disciplines allows for collaboration and enables archaeologists to ask ever more sophisticated questions and develop increasingly elaborate models on numerous aspects of past human behavior. Least cost analysis (LCA) is one such avenue of inquiry. While least cost studies are not new to the social sciences in general, LCA is relatively new to archaeology; until now, there has been no systematic exploration of its use within the field.
This edited volume presents a series of case studies illustrating the intersection of archaeology and LCA modeling at the practical, methodological, and theoretical levels. Designed to be a guidebook for archaeologists interested in using LCA in their own research, it presents a wide cross-section of practical examples for both novices and experts. The contributors to the volume showcase the richness and diversity of LCA’s application to archaeological questions, demonstrate that even simple applications can be used to explore sophisticated research questions, and highlight the challenges that come with injecting geospatial technologies into the archaeological research process.
eBook
High-dimensional propensity scores improved the control of indication bias in surgical comparative effectiveness studies
The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of high-dimensional propensity scores (hdPSs) for controlling indication bias as compared with propensity scores (PSs) in surgical comparative effectiveness studies.
Patients who underwent interventional transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) between 2013 and 2017 were included from the French nationwide hospitals. At each hospital level, matched pairs of patients who underwent TAVI and SAVR were formed using PSs, considering 20 patient baseline characteristics, and hdPSs, considering the same patient characteristics and 300 additional variables from procedure and diagnosis codes the year before surgery. We compared death, reoperation, and stroke up to 3 years between TAVI and SAVR using Cox or Fine and Gray models.
Before matching, 12 of 20 patient characteristics were imbalanced between the included patients who underwent TAVI and SAVR. No significant imbalance persisted after matching with both methods. Hazard ratio of 1-year death, reoperation, and stroke was 1.3 [1.1; 1.4], 1.6 [1.1; 2.4], and 1.4 [1.2; 1.7] for TAVI relative to SAVR with PSs (n = 9,498 pairs) and 1.1 [1.0; 1.3], 1.3 [0.8; 2.0], and 1.3 [1.0; 1.6] with hdPSs (n = 7,157).
HdPS estimations were more consistent with results seen in randomized controlled trials. The HdPS is a promising alternative for the PS to control indication bias in comparative studies of surgical procedures.
•The high-dimensional propensity score is an alternative for the propensity score.•Effective approach for controlling confounding by indication in surgical comparative effectiveness studies.•Estimations were more consistent with results seen in randomized controlled trials.
Journal Article
A pulmonary rehabilitation program reduces hospitalizations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A cost-effectiveness study
BACKGROUND:
Although pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is recommended in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is a scarcity of data demonstrating the cost-effectiveness and effectiveness of PR in reducing exacerbations.
METHODS:
A quasi-experimental study in 200 patients with COPD was conducted to determine the number of exacerbations 1 year before and after their participation in a PR program. Quality of life was measured using the COPD assessment test and EuroQol-5D. The costs of the program and exacerbations were assessed the year before and after participation in the PR program. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).
RESULTS:
The number of admissions, length of hospital stay, and admissions to the emergency department decreased after participation in the PR program by 48.2%, 46.6%, and 42.5%, respectively (P < 0.001 for all). Results on quality of life tests improved significantly (P < 0.001 for the two tests). The cost of PR per patient and the cost of pre-PR and post-PR exacerbations were €1867.7 and €7895.2 and €4201.9, respectively. The PR resulted in a cost saving of €1826 (total, €365,200) per patient/year, and the gain in QALYs was+0.107. ICER was −€17,056. The total cost was <€20,000/QALY in 78% of patients.
CONCLUSIONS:
PR contributes to reducing the number of exacerbations in patients with COPD, thereby slowing clinical deterioration. In addition, it is cost-effective in terms of QALYs.
Journal Article
Comparative effectiveness studies in multiple sclerosis
In this observational context, treatment groups differ systematically and are therefore noncomparable. [...]one must account for such systematic differences in baseline characteristics between groups of interest when estimating the effect of treatment on desired outcomes. [...]when building a PS model for an MS study evaluating treatment A versus treatment B, important variables to incorporate into the model include demographics (e.g., age, sex and race), baseline disease characteristics (e.g., prior relapses and gadolinium-enhancing lesions, disease course, disease duration, prior number and type of DMTs) and comorbidities (e.g., vascular comorbidities, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, tobacco exposure, chronic heart and lung disease). Because the PS is a function of covariates rather than outcomes, the estimated effect is therefore not biased by the desired outcome. The most common implementation of PS matching is one-to-one or pair matching, in which pairs of treated and untreated subjects are formed, such that matched subjects have similar values of the PS. [...]in a set of subjects with the same PS, the distribution of observed baseline covariates between treated and untreated groups is the same. Within each PS stratum, treated and untreated subjects will have approximately similar values of the PS. [...]when the PS has been correctly specified, the distribution of measured baseline covariates will be roughly similar between treated and untreated subjects within the same stratum (3,4).
Journal Article