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"Eisen- und Stahlindustrie"
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Big steel : technology, trade, and survival in a global market
From publisher's description: Big Steel explores how the integrated steel industry is adapting to trade and international competition. These arise from the industry's diffusion beyond its historical core in North America and Europe. To show this occurred, Big Steel applies Paul Krugman's Nobel Prize winning explanation of industrial location and trade. The industry's technology and economic structure and the pricing strategies available, produce fateful competition and incentives to consolidate internationally. Examining the industry's survival options, including close cooperation with its primary customers, the automakers, this book anticipates a cosmopolitan future. It is a straight forward account of a complicated process, the development of a new phase in the global steel business, that will appeal to scholars and policy makers interested in trade, competition, globalization, and industrial policy.
Book
Reuse and Recycling of By-Products in the Steel Sector: Recent Achievements Paving the Way to Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis in Europe
Over the last few decades, the European steel industry has focused its efforts on the improvement of by-product recovery and quality, based not only on existing technologies, but also on the development of innovative sustainable solutions. These activities have led the steel industry to save natural resources and to reduce its environmental impact, resulting in being closer to its “zero-waste” goal. In addition, the concept of Circular Economy has been recently strongly emphasised at a European level. The opportunity is perceived of improving the environmental sustainability of the steel production by saving primary raw materials and costs related to by-products and waste landfilling. The aim of this review paper was to analyse the most recent results on the reuse and recycling of by-products of the steelmaking cycles as well as on the exploitation of by-products from other activities outside the steel production cycle, such as alternative carbon sources (e.g., biomasses and plastics). The most relevant results are identified and a global vision of the state-of-the-art is extracted, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the main outcomes achieved by the European steel industry and of the ongoing or potential synergies with other industrial sectors.
Journal Article
Review of the Energy Consumption and Production Structure of China’s Steel Industry: Current Situation and Future Development
China produced 49.2% of the world’s total steel production in 2017. From 1990 to 2017, the world’s total steel production increased by 850 Mt, of which 87% came from China. After 30 years of rapid expansion, China’s steel industry is not expected to increase its production in the medium and long term. In fact, the industry is currently in the stage of industrial restructuring, and great changes will arise in production structure and technical level to solve pressing issues, such as overcapacity, high energy intensity (EI), and carbon emission. These changes will directly affect the global energy consumption and carbon emissions. Thus, a review of China’s steel industry is necessary to introduce its current situation and development plan. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of the Chinese steel industry, and factors involved include steel production, production structure, energy consumption, technical level, EI, carbon emission, scrap consumption, etc. In addition, four determinants are analyzed to explain the EI gap between China and the world’s advanced level. In addition, comparison of steel industries between China and the world, development plans for energy savings, and emission reduction are also included in this paper to give readers a clear understanding of China’s steel industry.
Journal Article
Use of Biochar for Sustainable Ferrous Metallurgy
Biochar has been extensively used in ferrous metallurgy in recent years as it has comparable metallurgical properties to coke and coal, showing great potential for reduction of the production cost of iron and steel with enhanced quality and for promotion of environmental protection. This article reviewed the main applications of biochar in the iron and steel industry, including its use in coking, iron ore sintering, production of metallized pellets, blast furnace ironmaking, and electric arc furnace steelmaking. The challenges of using biochar and corresponding promising measures were also discussed for sustainable development of the industry.
Journal Article
Review on the innovative uses of steel slag for waste minimization
Piles of steel slag, a solid waste generated from the iron and steel industry, could be seen due to no utility found for the past century. Steel slag has now gained much attention because of its new applications. The properties of slag greatly influence its use and thus had got varied applications. The chemical composition of steel slag varies as the mineral composition of raw material such as iron ore and limestone varies. This paper reviews the characteristics of steel slag and its usage. The paper reviews recent developments in well-known applications to the steel slag such as aggregate in bituminous mixes, cement ingredient, concrete aggregate, antiskid aggregate, and rail road ballast. This paper also reviews novel uses such as mechanomutable asphalt binders, building material, green artificial reefs, thermal insulator, catalyst and ceramic Ingredient. The review is also done on utilization of solid waste for waste management by the novel methods like landfill daily cover material, sand capping, carbon sequestration, water treatment and solid waste management. Review also shows recovery of pure calcium carbonate and heavy metals from slag, providing opportunity for revenue generation. Steel slag once traded as free to use by steel industries is now sold in the market at some price. Its utilization is of great economic significance as it also contributes to the reduction of solid waste.
Journal Article
Impact of VOCs emission from iron and steel industry on regional O3 and PM2.5 pollutions
Iron and steel industry emission is an important industrial source of air pollution. However, little is known about the relationship between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted and regional air pollution. In this study, VOCs emissions from a typical iron and steel plant in Yangtze River Delta (YRD, China) were monitored from April 2018 to March 2019. The ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation of VOCs were calculated to reveal the influence of VOCs emissions on regional ozone and particulate pollution, and the sensitivity analysis approach was performed to explore the qualitative and quantitative relationships between VOCs and O
3
, as well as VOCs and PM
2.5
. The VOCs concentration was 93.76 ± 266.97 ppbv during the study. The OFP was 760.08 ± 2391.90 μg m
−3
, and aromatics were the predominant precursors, contributing 54.05% of the total OFP. Furthermore, the SOA estimated by fractional aerosol coefficient (FAC) and time-resolved (TR) methods were 6.032 ± 13.347 μg m
−3
and 0.971 ± 4.650 μg m
−3
, accounting for 8.65–26.39% (13.78 ± 7.46%) and 1.55–4.20% (2.22 ± 1.23%) of the PM
2.5
concentrations, respectively. The results indicated that VOCs were more sensitive to O
3
pollution in high pollution domains, whereas VOCs were more sensitive to PM
2.5
pollution in low pollution domains. We concluded that reducing VOCs emissions might be effective in alleviating photochemical pollution episodes in areas around iron and steel industry, and the haze pollution occurred in these regions may be caused by the primary emission of PM, and the contribution of SOA was relatively small.
Journal Article
Recent Advances and Research Status in Energy Conservation of Iron Ore Sintering in China
For the ferrous burden of blast furnaces in China, sinter generally accounts for more than 70% and the sintering process accounts for approximately 6–10% of the total energy consumption of the iron and steel enterprise. Therefore, saving energy during the sintering process is important to reduce the energy consumption in the iron and steel industry. This paper aims to illustrate recent advances and the research status of energy conservation of iron ore sintering in China. It focuses on the development and application of energy-saving technologies such as the composite agglomeration process, sintering with high-proportion flue gas recirculation sintering, recovery of sensible heat from the sinter cooling process, homogeneous deep-bed sintering technology, and comprehensive treatment technology of leakage of sintering. Moreover, some suggestions for the future development of energy-saving technologies are put forward.
Journal Article
Assessment of energy potential for heat recovery in the EU industry
Thermal processes account for 70% of the EU industry final energy, with 30% thereof being wasted through losses. This fact has been a motivating factor toward applying various technologies and methods for waste heat recovery. Already such technologies exist and are applied in many industrial sectors, while some \"new\" technologies have also been tested or suggested. It is therefore useful to obtain insight information into such processes, together with their temperature ranges and, hence, assess the potential market for each industrial sector. Here such an attempt is made, based on existing literature. Estimates on the total energy that can be recovered through the EU industry are given and a special case study on the important Iron and Steel industry is presented. This kind of information can be useful for the improvement of existing and the development of \"new\" technologies or techniques.
Journal Article
Effluent Treatment Technologies in the Iron and Steel Industry - A State of the Art Review
Iron and steel industry is the principal driving force propelling economic and technological growth of a nation. However, since its inception this industry is associated with widespread environmental pollution and enormous water consumption. Different units of a steel plant discharge effluents loaded with toxic, hazardous pollutants, and unutilized components which necessitates mitigation. In this paper, pollutant removal efficiency, effluent volume product quality, and economic feasibility of existing treatments are studied vis-à-vis their merits, demerits, and innovations to access their shortcomings which can be overcome with new technology to identify future research directions. While conventional methods are inadequate for complete remediation and water reclamation, the potential of advanced treatments, like membrane separation, remains relatively untapped. It is concluded that integrated systems combining membrane separation with chemical treatments can guarantee a high degree of contaminant removal, reusability of effluents concurrently leading to process intensification ensuring ecofriendliness and commercial viability.
Journal Article
Lithium silicates synthetized from iron and steel slags as high temperature CO2 adsorbent materials
The use of solid wastes and industrial by-products to prepare CO2 adsorbents is an alternative to conventional reagent grade raw materials that has recently gained interest. Among waste materials, slag has a high content of silica and calcium and is the largest solid by-product from iron and steel industry, thus its use can reduce the production costs of CO2 adsorbent materials, such as lithium silicates, which are applied in capture processes at high temperatures. Li4SiO4 has potential applications in post-combustion CO2 capture as well as in H2 production by sorption enhanced steam reforming process. In this study, Li4SiO4 was prepared using solid-state reaction and two iron and steel slags as SiO2 sources to evaluate their characteristics and CO2 capture capacities. The slag-derived lithium silicates (S1-Li4SiO4 and S2-Li4SiO4) were characterized by XRD, adsorption-desorption N2 and SEM. Different capture tests at CO2 partial pressures ( PCO2 ) of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 were performed using thermogravimetric (TG) and temperature programmed (TPC-TPDC) techniques. The kinetic parameters of the CO2 capture process were obtained by fitting the experimental results to the Avrami–Erofeev model. Finally, the cyclic behavior of S1-Li4SiO4 and S2-Li4SiO4 was analyzed in PCO2 of 0.2 and 0.05. XRD patterns showed that Li4SiO4 was the main crystal phase (60 wt%) present in S1-Li4SiO4 and S2-Li4SiO4 in addition to calcium phases such as Li2CaSiO4, Ca3SiO5 and CaO. According to the TG and TPC-TPDC tests, the derived lithium silicates showed CO2 uptake three times greater than the values recorded for Li4SiO4 (134 mgCO2/g sorbent for S1-Li4SiO4) produced from pure reagents, at PCO2 between 0.2 and 0.05 and 650 °C. Furthermore, these materials had kinetic constants at least one order of magnitude higher than those reported for Li4SiO4, at the aforementioned operating conditions. Both materials exhibited an excellent stability during 20 cycles of CO2 adsorption/desorption. These results showed that slags can be used as silica source to produced adsorbents with better performance and stability in the CO2 capture process at high temperature than the one of Li4SiO4 produced from pure reagents, at PCO2 of 0.2–0.05.
Journal Article