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Electrical installations are a significant component of fire load inside a building, although they are often neglected in the overall fire safety analysis and are not subjected to any kind of fire safety evaluation of a building. A typical electrical installation unconnected to the mains was experimentally studied using a single burning item (SBI) test apparatus, fixed to two types of popular non-combustible or combustible (wooden-based) backgrounds simulating a typical building internal wall or ceiling. The semi-real scale test showed that poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) cable, commonly used in installations in buildings in Europe and used in SBI tests, showed high fire properties related to heat release, smoke production and flame spread to other interior elements. The results of the electrical circuit connected to the main measurements carried out showed a significant impact of the heating effect towards the uncovered surface socket, causing the possibility of easy ignition inside the installation. In conclusion, it was found that even a relatively simple and short section of electrical installation resulted in a significant increase in the heat release rate and smoke generation parameters, obtained during the SBI tests, and as a consequence a reduction of one or two reaction to fire euroclasses of construction materials for internal walls.

In electrical systems, it is important to comply with regulations that guarantee the safety and proper functioning of the installation; to validate that this is complied with, it is necessary to have certifications that are carried out by inspectors who make a visual review of the electrical installations. This article presents a multi-agent artificial intelligence system based on multimodal Generation Augmented by Recovery (RAG) that verifies compliance with electrical standards. The system is made up of agents specialized in visual perception, automatic retrieval of the applicable standards and the drafting of a technical opinion; this is done based on image processing contrasted with the NOM and NEC standards mainly in conjunction with some complementary standards such as NMX. The validity of the functionality of the system was tested in real environments where 103 inspections were carried out, achieving a reduction in the time used for inspections, which dropped from the usual 18.4 h to only 7.3 min, the time required for the inspection using the system, which represents an improvement of 99.3% in time efficiency. On the other hand, consistency among inspectors (kappa Cohen) increased from 0.68 to 0.94, thus demonstrating that there is a high standardization in opinions. These results show that the integration of large-scale language models (LLMs) and multi-agent architectures not only improved the productivity of inspection processes but also gives greater certainty to a good assessment of the physical conditions in electrical installations.

Experimental and computer investigations were conducted into long-duration impulse current distribution in the lightning protection system, supplying network, and electrical installation of a test house that was equipped with household appliances. Long-duration impulse currents simulating lightning continuing currents were injected from the unique current generator into the test object. The current distributions in the elements of the test object were measured using current shunts, coaxial cables, and digital oscilloscopes, then they were modeled using the ATP-EMTP software package. The obtained results show a quite good agreement between the measured and computed current waveforms. The relationships between the values of currents at different points of the conductive installation are similar, as reported in previous studies on the fast-changing lightning return stroke component distribution, although the efficiency of the lightning protection system (LPS) is a few percent better for the long continuing current component in the case of a strongly conductive ground at the test site in Huta Poręby, part of the Rzeszów University of Technology. Due to the relatively low content of high-frequency components in the long continuing current spectrum, the waveshape of this lightning component is practically the same throughout the entire tested installation.

This article presents an active fault detection kit, applicable to low voltage single-phase electrical installations, in the prospect of the Zero Energy Building concept, integrating on-site renewable energy generation and energy storage. This simple, flexible, self-powered and compact kit is capable of detecting faults, such as power theft (meter tampering), unintentional islanding and neutral conductor loss. Its operation is based on harmonic voltage injection, in series with the electrical installation, through a low-power H-bridge inverter and a current transformer, along with the corresponding harmonic current measurement, to estimate the impedance and effectively detect faulty conditions; the fast and robust Goertzel algorithm is utilized. Moreover, it features IoT communication capabilities, employing the ESP32 microcontroller, to exchange data and information with the installation meters. The functionality and effective fault detection of the proposed device are validated, through experimental tests on a custom-developed hardware prototype; IoT connectivity and data uploading are experimentally tested and verified, too. Finally, a sustainability assessment study is performed, using the Life Cycle Cost Analysis tool.

We present a case report of a 74‐year‐old male patient with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator who suffered an inappropriate defibrillation shock while bathing in the tub. Insight in the ICD stored electrogram episodes revealed electromagnetic interferences, with a typical 50 Hz electrical artifact mimicking fast ventricular tachycardia as a device misinterpreted. After this event, the maintenance workers investigated the electrical installation in the bathroom and revealed that there was voltage leaking between electrical installation and metal pipes. After the repair was completed without any additional programming, the patient has had no subsequent shocks. Inappropriate VF detection and the delivery of the Inappropriate shock as a result of electromagnetic interference originating from the faulty electrical installation.

The objectives of this study were to: (1) know the weaknesses of current certification model, (2) describe a Certification Scheme of Electrical Installation Competency for the Electrical Engineering Education Study Program (EEESP) Students', Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University, and (3) know the eligibility of the Certification Scheme for Electrical Installation Competency of Electrical engineering Education Study program Students'. This research was conducted in the Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University from February to September 2020. This research is survey. The data collection used a questionnaire and an assessment of the feasibility of the certification scheme. The research respondents were lecturers, students, assessors, and practitioners in the field of Electrical Installation Competency. The validation of the research instrument was based on expert judgment by calculating the Aiken's V index. The reliabilities of instrument were measured by Alpha Cronbach and Inter rater using interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The data analysis technique used quantitative descriptive analysis, namely mean and percentage. The results of the research were as follows: (1) The weaknesses of current certification model were: (a) expensive competency test costs (77%), (b) there is no special certification scheme for the Electrical Engineering Education Study Program students as a prospective teacher (68%), (c) unclear competency test mechanism (52%), (d) inadequate competency test material (51%), and (f) the competency level tested was not suitable (32%); (2) The developed certification scheme is Low Voltage Electrical Installation Engineering Competency for EEESP Students'; (3) The Eligibility of the Electrical Installation Competency Certification Scheme for EEESP Students' is very eligible with an average score of 3.66 out of 4.00.

—The paper describes the ideas about the sources of induced polarization fields generated by external forces of non-electrical origin. Layered polarizable media are considered, over which a change in the sign of induced polarization can be observed for an axial electrical installation. Numerical model experiments substantiate the conclusion that the induced polarization is caused by galvanic currents and is not related to the induction component in this case.

Currently, electrical networks contain more and more electrical devices interconnected by power, ground, and control cables, which are generally propagation paths of conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI). It is interesting to focus specifically on mode disturbances common. This paper proposes an effective method to recognize low voltage direct current micro-grids (LVDCMG), through common mode impedance identification. For this purpose, a direct current micro-grid (DCMG) can be modeled, it consisted from three converters connected in parallel, including the connectors; the model consists in calculating the common mode impedance of the DCMG. It should be noted that a good knowledge of impedance helps engineers to perform filter optimization, prognostic algorithms, and the protection of electrical installations. The analytical models have been tested by numerical simulation and validated by experimental measurements over a wide frequency range up to 30MHz.

The rapid proliferation of single-phase non-linear loads, such as LED lighting and IT equipment, in modern Smart Buildings has introduced significant power quality challenges in low-voltage electrical installations. A critical but often underestimated consequence is the severe overloading of the neutral conductor caused by triplen harmonics (particularly the 3rd harmonic), which sum algebraically even in balanced three-phase systems. This paper analyzes the electrical and thermal impact of these distortions using a detailed MATLAB/Simulink model of a 400/230 V (3P + N) network. The simulation results demonstrate that under highly distorted conditions (Scenario S3), the neutral current can reach 180% of the nominal phase current (18 A vs. 10 A). Furthermore, the Joule losses analysis reveals a thermal stress more than three times higher on the neutral conductor (peak ~65 W) compared to the phase conductor (~20 W), challenging the traditional design practice of neutral undersizing. To address these safety issues, this study proposes a novel neutral-to-phase current ratio index (kN) and a proactive decision matrix for Building Management Systems (BMS). Unlike traditional mitigation strategies that rely on static hardware oversizing, passive filters, or specialized transformers, the proposed approach offers a dynamic, cost-effective, and software-driven solution that can be easily integrated into the existing automation infrastructure of modern Smart Buildings. The model identifies a critical tipping point at a 3rd harmonic content of 35.3%, where kN ≥ 1. By continuously monitoring the kN parameter, the proposed algorithm enables a transition from passive protection to active power management, triggering automated responses to prevent insulation degradation and mitigate fire hazards.

The increasing complexity of electrical power installations requires more and more sophisticated mathematical models for the analysis of their operating regimes in relation to transient regimes. This requirement can be solved by using numerical mathematical models implemented in professional programming environments. MATLAB/Simulink is such a programming environment that allows for the analysis of transient regimes caused by faults occurring in electrical power installations. In this paper, the transient regime caused by the phase-to-ground fault is analyzed using a numerical model of a 20 kV nominal voltage power network, implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink programming environment. The numerical model was validated by comparing the obtained results with those experimentally determined in a real 20 kV network. Using the numerical model, we can analyze how the zero-sequence voltage of the 20 kV bus bars and the fault current in the 20 kV network, which are neutrally treated with a Petersen coil, are influenced by the following parameters: the initial phase of the voltage at the fault location; the regime in which the medium voltage network operates (resonance, under-compensated, or over-compensated); the insulation state (value of the electrical resistance of the insulation); and the value of the resistance at the fault location. The differences between the experimentally obtained results and those obtained using the numerical model are as follows: for the fault current, 6.67% if Rt = 8 Ω and 4.94% if Rt = 268 Ω; for the zero-sequence voltage, 3.21% if Rt = 8 Ω and 6.19% if Rt = 268 Ω.