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<p><i>Design, Control and Application of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems&nbsp;</i>is a comprehensive guide to semiconductor technologies applicable for MMC design, component sizing control, modulation, and application of the MMC technology for HVDC transmission.</p> <p>Separated into three distinct parts, the first offers an overview of MMC technology, including information on converter component sizing, Control and Communication, Protection and Fault Management, and Generic Modelling and Simulation. The second covers the applications of MMC in offshore WPP, including planning, technical and economic requirements and optimization options, fault management, dynamic and transient stability. Finally, the third chapter explores the applications of MMC in HVDC transmission and Multi Terminal configurations, including Supergrids.</p> <p>Key features:</p> <ul> <li>Unique coverage of the offshore application and optimization of MMC-HVDC schemes for the export of offshore wind energy to the mainland.</li> <li>Comprehensive explanation of MMC application in HVDC and MTDC transmission technology.</li> <li>Detailed description of MMC components, control and modulation, different modeling approaches, converter dynamics under steady-state and fault contingencies including application and housing of MMC in HVDC schemes for onshore and offshore.</li> <li>Analysis of DC fault detection and protection technologies, system studies required for the integration of HVDC terminals to offshore wind power plants, and commissioning procedures for onshore and offshore HVDC terminals.</li> <li>A set of self-explanatory simulation models for HVDC test cases is available to download from the companion website.</li> </ul> <p>This book provides essential reading for graduate students and researchers, as well as field engineers and professionals who require an in-depth understanding of MMC technology.</p> <div>&nbsp;</div>

Environmental perturbations and local changes in cellular electric potential can stimulate cytoskeletal filaments to transmit ionic currents along their surface. Advanced models and accurate experiments may provide a molecular understanding of these processes and reveal their role in cell electrical activities. This article introduces a multi-scale electrokinetic model incorporating atomistic protein details and biological environments to characterize electrical impulses along microtubules. We consider that condensed ionic layers on microtubule surfaces form two coupled asymmetric nonlinear electrical transmission lines. The model accounts for tubulin-tubulin interactions, dissipation, and a nanopore coupling between inner and outer surfaces, enabling luminal currents, energy transfer, amplification, and oscillatory dynamics that resemble the experimentally observed transistor properties of microtubules. The approach has been used to analyze how different electrolyte conditions and voltage stimuli affect electrical impulses’ shape, attenuation, oscillation, and propagation velocity along microtubules. Integrating transistor-like properties in the microtubules model has profound implications for intracellular communication and bioelectronic applications.

This paper introduces a novel approach called “derailing” aimed at reducing the cost and time associated with assessing structural damages of electrical transmission towers (ETT). Traditional monitoring methods for ETT structures involve on-site visits, extensive modeling, and full-scale testing, which can be cumbersome and expensive due to the large number of transmission line towers. The proposed approach focuses on identifying the primary and secondary coordinates of critical nodes in transmission tower damages using drone photography data. To validate the critical nodes identified by the derailing approach, retrofitted and non-retrofitted towers were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The analysis of the derailing method revealed that critical nodes located in the lower segment of the tower, especially in the non-retrofitted tower, experienced a substantial 95.4% increase in drift due to support settlement, while retrofitted towers showed a significantly lower increase of 55.5%. The findings from the FEM and observed failures in existing towers corroborated the results obtained from the derailing method, highlighting the vulnerability of the lower segment of the tower, both with and without settlement. Furthermore, it was observed that the addition of an extra diaphragm in this section of the tower structure improved its performance, making it comparable to that of the non-retrofitted tower without settlement. Consequently, the derailing approach for predicting failures and effectively monitoring the structural integrity of ETT and the implementation of diaphragm in the tower lower segment for controlling the nodes derailing might be employed for further analyses, such as the reliability.

Providing consumers with high quality electric power with minimum transmission loss is among the problems of electric power transmission through electrical grids. Increasing reactive power of electric consumers, estimated by the load power factor, results in an increase in electricity loss and quality deterioration. To evaluate the effect of the load power factor on the transmission of active load power and to determine the quality and energy efficiency of electricity transmission through power lines, the authors analyzed the change in the parameters of one phase of a three-phase network without compensation and with reactive power compensation. The problem is solved using methods for calculation of linear ac circuits with the given values of total or active load power, its resistance, and the resistance of power line wires. Then, the processes of power transmission in low-voltage ac networks are simulated using the Electronics Workbench software. The results show that the main changes in the parameters of the electric power system consisting of consumer loads receiving power supply through the power line connected to the low-voltage busbars of the power transformer occur when the system current determined by the load and transmission line resistances is changed. The quality of electric power transmission through the power line is determined by the system current and total load resistance, and the energy efficiency of electric power transmission through the power transmission line is determined by the squared system current and the ratio of the active resistances of the load and power line.

As part of a 5‐year project to assess the risk posed by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) to the New Zealand electrical transmission network, long‐period magnetotelluric (MT) measurements have been made at 62 sites in southern South Island of New Zealand, a region where there was an absence of previous MT data. The data are largely 3‐dimensional in character, but show distinct features that can be related to the known tectonic and geological structure. In this work we focus on how the measured MT impedance tensors, and a simple interpretation of conductivity structure, can be used to assess the influence of tectonic and geological structure on GIC. We use the impedance tensors to calculate the magnitudes and orientations of induced electric fields in response to various orientations of inducing magnetic field. The electric fields so calculated are then used in a simplified model of the transmission network to calculate GIC at grounded substations. Our results confirm that tectonic/geological structure in the lower South Island and the resulting electrical conductivity variations have important impacts on the GIC magnitude. In the south‐west, smaller induced electric fields, associated with the higher conductivity in that region, lead to much reduced GIC at a substation in that area. In contrast, higher electric fields occurring in a NW‐SE band across the center of the region, contribute to much larger GIC in Dunedin city. Our results thus help explain the observed GIC reported at transformers in the region.

Nowadays, wind is considered as a remarkable renewable energy source to be implemented in power systems. Most wind power plant experiences have been based on onshore installations, as they are considered as a mature technological solution by the electricity sector. However, future power scenarios and roadmaps promote offshore power plants as an alternative and additional power generation source, especially in some regions such as the North and Baltic seas. According to this framework, the present paper discusses and reviews trends and perspectives of offshore wind power plants for massive offshore wind power integration into future power systems. Different offshore trends, including turbine capacity, wind power plant capacity as well as water depth and distance from the shore, are discussed. In addition, electrical transmission high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) solutions are described by considering the advantages and technical limitations of these alternatives. Several future advancements focused on increasing the offshore wind energy capacity currently under analysis are also included in the paper.

The improvement of electrical energy efficiency is fast becoming one of the most essential areas of sustainability development, backed by political initiatives to control and reduce energy demand. Now a major topic in industry and the electrical engineering research community, engineers have started to focus on analysis, diagnosis and possible solutions. Owing to the complexity and cross-disciplinary nature of electrical energy efficiency issues, the optimal solution is often multi-faceted with a critical solutions evaluation component to ensure cost effectiveness. This single-source reference brings a practical focus to the subject of electrical energy efficiency, providing detailed theory and practical applications to enable engineers to find solutions for electroefficiency problems. It presents power supplier as well as electricity user perspectives and promotes routine implementation of good engineering practice. Key features include: a comprehensive overview of the different technologies involved in electroefficiency, outlining monitoring and control concepts and practical design techniques used in industrial applications; description of the current standards of electrical motors, with illustrative case studies showing how to achieve better design; up-to-date information on standarization, technologies, economic realities and energy efficiency indicators (the main types and international results); coverage on the quality and efficiency of distribution systems (the impact on distribution systems and loads, and the calculation of power losses in distribution lines and in power transformers). With invaluable practical advice, this book is suited to practicing electrical engineers, design engineers, installation designers, ME designers, and economic engineers. It equips maintenance and energy managers, planners, and infrastructure managers with the necessary knowledge to properly evaluate the wealth of electrical energy efficiency solutions for large investments. This reference also provides interesting reading material for energy researchers, policy makers, consultants, postgraduate engineering students and final year undergraduate engineering students.

Transmission lines are vital components of electrical grids, ensuring the efficient transfer of electricity from power plants to consumers over extensive geographical areas. These lines are constructed with careful consideration of factors such as conductor materials, insulation levels, current ratings, and voltage ratings to maintain reliable and safe electricity delivery. However, various types of faults can occur in transmission lines, posing significant challenges, often leading to outages, equipment damage, and reduced system reliability. Accurate and fast fault classification is therefore a pressing requirement in modern smart grids, where proactive maintenance and resilience are critical. This research addresses the critical need for an efficient electric fault classification model. A comprehensive investigation is conducted, employing a variety of machine learning (ML) algorithms, including Decision Tree (DT), Random Forests (RF), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and, AdaBoost, for fault classification. Additionally, fundamental ensemble techniques such as Hard-Voting, Soft-Voting, Stacking, and Blending are incorporated with five hybrid ML models (each constructed by combining various ML algorithms) to enhance fault classification performance and the reliability of transmission lines. Also, this research proposes a hybrid ML model, specifically (RF + DT + Stacking) , to classify transmission line data. The main contribution of this work is an application-oriented evaluation of classical and ensemble machine learning models for electrical fault classification, with an emphasis on benchmarking performance, model interpretability, and computational efficiency. This study demonstrates that a carefully configured hybrid ensemble (RF + DT + Stacking) can provide a practical and lightweight alternative to deep learning-based methods in grid fault monitoring scenarios. The dataset used encompasses various attributes affecting line performance, making accurate classification critical for proactive issue detection, optimized maintenance scheduling, and uninterrupted energy supply. Our hybrid model achieves high-performance metrics, including an accuracy of 93.64%, precision of 93.65%, recall of 93.64%, and F1 score of 93.64%, underscoring its effectiveness in enhancing decision-making processes and operational efficiency within electrical transmission networks.

This market leading classic is a true comprehensive on-the-job reference, covering all aspects of getting electricity from the source to user via the power grid. Electric power transmission and distribution is a huge sector, and engineers require the real world guidance of this book in order to upgrade networks to handle smart and renewable sources of power. This new edition covers renewable and distributed energy developments, international regulatory compliance issues with coverage of IEC standards, and new key conversions to US based standards and terminologies. Utilizing examples from real-life systems and challenges, this book clearly and succinctly outlines fundamental knowledge requirements for working in this area. Written by engineers for engineers, theory is tied to current best-practice, and new chapters cover hot topics including DC Transmission, Smart Networks and bringing renewable sources into the grid. Particularly useful for power engineers starting out on their career, this new edition ensures Bayliss remains an essential 'tool of the trade' for all engineers, technicians, managers and planners involved in electricity supply and industrial electricity usage. Praise for this edition: The challenges today for those undertaking transmission and distribution system new build projects, existing system extensions, or refurbishment and life extension of older equipment, are as great as ever¦ Leading, as I do, the transmission and distribution business of international and well recognized engineering consultancy Mott MacDonald, I see this book as being useful to clients and contractors as well as others such as industry regulators, environmentalists, and government officials. This book enables those in the field of transmission and distribution electrical engineering to have a well-founded understanding of the key principles, the methodologies and current best practice.

New geomagnetically induced current (GIC) computations for mainland Portugal include the entire power network, with network parameters and topology provided by the transmission grid operator for all the high voltage lines (150, 220, and 400 kV). The first 3D conductivity model for the west region of the Iberian Peninsula, based on 31 broadband magnetotelluric soundings, is used in calculations, revealing the effect of different crustal domains in GIC distribution. Geomagnetic field variations are taken from Coimbra or San Fernando magnetic observatories, according to the Nearest Neighbor method, and used together with surface impedance values predicted from the new conductivity model to calculate the induced electric field on a regular grid. The global distribution of GICs over the power network is characterized based on results derived for the eight most significant storms registered in the Iberia during solar cycle 24. Substations susceptible to the highest GICs are found near the transition between the granitic geotectonic unit of Central Iberian Zone and the Lusitanian Basin. A prototype of a Hall effect sensor has been installed at a substation and is active since the end of August 2021. In order to validate our GIC model, recent measurements are compared with simulations. GIC computation is prone to uncertainties from various sources, possibly contributing with different weights to the final error in computed values. Here, we evaluate the contribution of substation earthing resistance and nonuniqueness of the conductivity model to the final GIC uncertainties.