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Impedance spectroscopy : theory, experiment, and applications
A skillful balance of theoretical considerations and practical know-how Backed by a team of expert contributors, the Second Edition of this highly acclaimed publication brings a solid understanding of impedance spectroscopy to students, researchers, and engineers in physical chemistry, electrochemistry, and physics. Starting with general principles, the book moves on to explain in detail practical applications for the characterization of materials in electrochemistry, semiconductors, solid electrolytes, corrosion, solid-state devices, and electrochemical power sources. The book covers all of the topics needed to help readers identify whether impedance spectroscopy may be an appropriate method for their particular research problem. The book helps readers quickly grasp how to apply their new knowledge of impedance spectroscopy methods to their own research problems through the use of unique features such as: * Step-by-step instructions for setting up experiments and then analyzing the results * Theoretical considerations for dealing with modeling, equivalent circuits, and equations in the complex domain * Best measurement methods for particular systems and alerts to potential sources of errors * Equations for the most widely used impedance models * Figures depicting impedance spectra of typical materials and devices * Extensive references to the scientific literature for more information on particular topics and current research This Second Edition incorporates the results of the last two decades of research on the theories and applications of impedance spectroscopy. Most notably, it includes new chapters on batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and photochromic materials. A new chapter on commercially available measurement systems reflects the emergence of impedance spectroscopy as a mainstream research tool. With its balanced focus on both
theory and practical problem solving, Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications, Second Edition serves as an excellent graduate-level textbook as well as a hands-on guide and reference for researchers and engineers.
eBook
Electrochemical microfluidic sensing platforms for biosecurity analysis
Biosecurity encompasses the health and safety of humans, animals, plants, and the environment. In this article, “biosecurity” is defined as encompassing the comprehensive aspects of human, animal, plant, and environmental safety. Reliable biosecurity testing technology is the key point for effectively assessing biosecurity risks and ensuring biosecurity. Therefore, it is crucial to develop excellent detection technologies to detect risk factors that can affect biosecurity. An electrochemical microfluidic biosensing platform integrates fluid control, target recognition, signal transduction, and output and incorporates the advantages of electrochemical analysis technology and microfluidic technology. Thus, an electrochemical microfluidic biosensing platform, characterized by exceptional analytical sensitivity, portability, rapid analysis speed, low reagent consumption, and low risk of contamination, shows considerable promise for biosecurity detection compared to traditional, more complex, and time-consuming detection technologies. This review provides a concise introduction to electrochemical microfluidic biosensors and biosecurity. It highlights recent research advances in utilizing electrochemical microfluidic biosensing platforms to assess biosecurity risk factors. It includes the use of electrochemical microfluidic biosensors for the detection of risk factors directly endangering biosecurity (direct application: namely, risk factors directly endangering the health of human, animals, and plants) and for the detection of risk factors indirectly endangering biosecurity (indirect application: namely, risk factors endangering the safety of food and the environment). Finally, we outline the current challenges and future perspectives of electrochemical microfluidic biosensing platforms.
Journal Article
Fabrication of rGO-decorated hBNNS hybrid nanocomposite via organic–inorganic interfacial chemistry for enhanced electrocatalytic detection of carcinoembryonic antigen
Organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites (OIHN), with tailored surface chemistry, offer ultra-sensitive architecture capable of detecting ultra-low concentrations of target analytes with precision. In the present work, a novel nano-biosensor was fabricated, acquainting dynamic synergy of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (hBNNS) for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Extensive spectroscopic and microscopic analyses confirmed the successful hydrothermal synthesis of cross-linked rGO-hBNNS nanocomposite. Uniform micro-electrodes of rGO-hBNNS onto pre-hydrolyzed ITO were obtained via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique at low DC potential (15 V). Optimization of antibody incubation time, pH of supporting electrolyte, and immunoelectrode preparation was thoroughly investigated to enhance nano-biosensing efficacy. rGO-modified hBNNS demonstrated 29% boost in electrochemical performance over bare hBNNS, signifying remarkable electro-catalytic activity of nano-biosensor. The presence of multifunctional groups on the interface facilitated stable crosslinking chemistry, increased immobilization density, and enabled site-specific anchoring of Anti-CEA, resulting in improved binding affinity. The nano-biosensor demonstrated a remarkably low limit of detection of 5.47 pg/mL (R2 = 0.99963), indicating exceptional sensitivity and accuracy in detecting CEA concentrations from 0 to 50 ng/mL. The clinical evaluation confirmed its exceptional shelf life, minimal cross-reactivity, and robust recovery rates in human serum samples, thereby unraveling the potential for early, highly sensitive, and reliable CEA detection.
Journal Article
Preparation of 3‐D Porous Pure Al Electrode for Al‐Air Battery Anode and Comparison of its Electrochemical Performance with a Smooth Surface Electrode
This study compared the electrochemical performances of porous surface electrodes obtained by the salt casting process against a smooth surface electrode. Potentiodynamic polarization test, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests of porous and smooth Al electrodes were performed using 0.5 M NaOH solution. According to the Tafel analysis, the J cor value of the Al‐porous electrode was measured as 3.23 mA cm −2 , which is approximately 55 % higher than the Al‐smooth electrode. The E cor value was more negative for the Al‐porous electrode. Results of the low charge transfer resistance (2.2 Ω) of the Al‐porous electrode compared to the Al‐smooth electrode (2.8 Ω) concluded that the porous surface was increased the current density by increasing charge transport due to higher surface area. The galvanostatic discharge tests of the electrodes were carried out in an Al‐air battery test cell using a graphite carbon air cathode. As a result, the power density of the Al‐porous electrode was approximately 42 % higher than the Al‐smooth surface electrode.
Journal Article
Tuning the Electrochemical Properties of Poly‐thiophenes with a 2,5‐Dithienil‐N‐subtituted‐pyrrole Bearing an Aniline Moiety for Electrochromic Devices
Conducting polymers find applications as active materials in electrochromic devices thanks to their tunable optoelectronic and electrochemical properties. Such versatility can be further enhanced by copolymerizing various aromatic monomers in order to produce new materials. In this work, we present different copolymers obtained by electropolymerization of an N‐substituted dithienylpyrrole (SNSBA) with either 3,4‐ethylendioxythiophene (EDOT) or bithiophene (BTh). The electrochemical, spectroscopic, and electrical properties were characterized across their different neutral and charged states by means of ex‐situ and in‐situ spectroelectrochemical techniques. The peculiar feature of SNSBA lies in the aniline bearing substituent of the central pyrrole unit that allows polymerization to occur at three different sites, yielding a cross‐linked polymer network. Our findings show that the SNSBA comonomer not only influences the optoelectronic properties of the final materials with respect to their homopolymers, but also induces a lowering of the hysteresis of the insulating/conducting transition (ΔEG<280 mV), likely due to the cross‐linked nature of the polymer layer. These features are promising to develop a new class of copolymers for electrochromic devices with stable, reversible, and fast operation. Introduction of N‐substituted dithienylpyrrole into the backbone of poly‐thiophenes allows the fine‐tuning of the electrochemical properties in the resulting copolymers. The electrochemical, spectroscopic, and electrical properties were characterized across their different neutral and charged states by means of ex‐situ and in‐situ techniques revealing that the SNSBA comonomer not only influences the optoelectronic properties but improves the insulating/conducting transition.
Journal Article
A study on the electro-reductive cycle of amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots immobilized on graphene oxide for amperometric determination of oxalic acid
Amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots (NH
2
-GQD) are described for the amperometric determination of oxalic acid. The NH
2
-GQD were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using hexamethylenetetramine as the source for nitrogen. The average particle size of the GQD is ∼30 nm, which is also supported by TEM. Electrochemical analysis of the NH
2
-GQD-GO composite on a glassy carbon electrode at pH 7.4 showed a faint reduction peak at −0.6 V vs. SCE, which was enhanced in the presence of oxalic acid. This variation in cathodic current density is an interesting deviation from the usually studied anodic current density for the electrochemical sensors. This is also supported by cyclic voltammetry and time-based amperometric measurements. The electrode has a linear response in the 0.5–2.0 mM and 2.0–55 mM oxalate concentration ranges and a 50 μM detection limit (at S/
N
= 3). The electrode was successfully applied to the determination of oxalate in spiked urine samples.
Graphical abstract
Schematic representation of the fabrication of amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots and graphene oxide composite coated on glassy carbon electrode for utilizing the electro-reduction peak in cyclic voltammetry at around −0.6 V for the quantitative determination of oxalic acid.
Journal Article
Synthesis and characterization of SnO2-La2O3 for electrochemical supercapacitor performance in redox additive electrolyte
In the present work, chemical precipitation was used for preparing the SnO
2
-La
2
O
3
metal oxide supercapacitor. The prepared material was characterized by XPS, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, and XRD. The enhanced conductivity and low resistance of the SnO
2
-La
2
O
3
material are coupled in the presence of an optimized redox additive electrolyte, specifically 3 M KOH (KH) with 0.2 M K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
] (RE). Within a potential window of − 0.3 to 0.7 V, the suggested hybrid electrode in the three-electrode system exhibited an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 637 F g
−1
at a current density of 1 A g
−1
. The electrode utilizing an electrolyte based on redox additives demonstrates synergistic effects and enhances capacitance performance by up to 637 F g
−1
. The SnO
2
-La
2
O
3
electrode in KH + RE has a greater capacity for energy storage than the aqueous electrolyte of KOH. By connecting two symmetrical supercapacitors in series and activating a red light-emitting diode (which illuminated for 2 min.), the device’s practicality was further confirmed. With consistent cyclic stability for up to 10,000 cycles, the dual redox additive-based electrolyte demonstrated good cyclic performance in specific capacitance.
Journal Article
Electrochemical sensors, biosensors and their biomedical applications
This book broadly reviews the modem techniques and significant applications of chemical sensors and biosensors.Chapters are written by experts in the field - including Professor Joseph Wang, the most cited scientist in the world and renowned expert on sensor science who is also co-editor.
eBook
High Sensitivity Electrochemical As (III) Sensor Based on Fe3O4/MoS2 Nanocomposites
Currently, heavy metal ion pollution in water is becoming more and more common, especially As (III), which is a serious threat to human health. In this experiment, a glassy carbon electrode modified with Fe3O4/MoS2 nanocomposites was used to select the square wave voltammetry (SWV) electrochemical detection method for the detection of trace As (III) in water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were uniformly attached to the surface of MoS2 and were not easily agglomerated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that Fe3O4/MoS2 has higher sensitivity and conductivity. After optimizing the experimental conditions, the Fe3O4/MoS2-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited high sensitivity (3.67 μA/ppb) and a low detection limit (0.70 ppb), as well as excellent interference resistance and stability for As (III).
Journal Article