Explore the vast range of titles available.

Recommendations are made for standard potentials involving select inorganic radicals in aqueous solution at 25 °C. These recommendations are based on a critical and thorough literature review and also by performing derivations from various literature reports. The recommended data are summarized in tables of standard potentials, Gibbs energies of formation, radical p ’s, and hemicolligation equilibrium constants. In all cases, current best estimates of the uncertainties are provided. An extensive set of Data Sheets is appended that provide original literature references, summarize the experimental results, and describe the decisions and procedures leading to each of the recommendations.

Elucidation the relationship between electrode potentials and heterogeneous electrocatalytic reactions has attracted widespread attention. Herein we construct the well-defined Mn single-atom (MnSA) catalyst with four N-coordination through a simple thermal pyrolysis preparation method to investigate the electrode potential micro-environments effect on carbon dioxide reduction reactions (CO 2 RR) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). MnSA catalysts generate higher CO production Faradaic efficiency of exceeding 90% at −0.9 V for CO 2 RR and higher H 2 O 2 yield from 0.1 to 0.6 V with excellent ORR activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on constant potential models were performed to study the mechanism of MnSA on CO 2 RR. The thermodynamic energy barrier of CO 2 RR is lowest at −0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Similar DFT calculations on the H 2 O 2 yield of ORR showed that the H 2 O 2 yield at 0.2 V was higher. This study provides a reasonable explanation for the role of electrode potential micro-environments.

Li‐insertion materials employed as electrode materials in Li‐ion batteries undergo solid‐state redox reactions wherein ions within a solid matrix are oxidized and reduced, in contrast to the conventional redox reactions of ions in solution. However, owing to the lack of a comprehensive theory for solid‐state redox reactions, the electrode potential of Li‐insertion materials remains unexplained from a theoretical standpoint. This limitation impedes the rational design of positive and negative electrodes with higher and lower potentials, respectively. This study employs the DV‐X α method to calculate the electronic structures of various Li‐insertion materials and transition‐metal aqua‐complexes associated with the redox reaction to shed light on the corresponding solid‐state redox potentials. Notably, the transition‐metal ion is identified as the redox center in olivine materials and aqua‐complexes, which exhibit similar electrode potentials, whereas the oxide ion is identified as the redox center in layered and spinel oxide materials, which show significant differences in electrode potential compared with olivine materials. These findings imply a correlation between the electrode potential and redox center in Li‐insertion materials. The results of this study reveal that the electrode potential of Li‐insertion materials is determined by their redox center rather than their constituent elements.

This work introduces a new method for inserting a Lithium reference electrode into commercially available 18650-type cells in order to obtain electrode potentials during cell operation. The proposed method is simple and requires limited equipment. Furthermore, electrical performance is significantly better and the cell capacity and resistance can be recorded for longer durations when compared to some of the previously used methods. Electrical performance of this new third electrode method is characterized and compared to 18650 cells with no reference electrode inserted. The capacity retention of the modified cell is more than 98% in the first 20 cycles. Harvested electrodes from a disassembled cell were also used to make coin cells that was proven to be a rather critical approach to get electrode potentials and capacities. This is an initial study that shows three-electrode performances of a commercial 18650-type cell, which suggests it could be used for understanding electrode behavior throughout a cell lifetime and for manufacturing instrumented cells.

The internal negative electrode potential in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is intricately linked to the lithium-ion intercalation and plating reactions occurring within the cell. With the expansion of cell sizes, the internal negative electrode potential distribution gradually becomes inconsistent. However, the existing negative electrode potential estimation models and fast charging strategies have not yet considered the impact of consistency, and the model estimation accuracy will be greatly influenced by different temperatures and charging rates. This study proposes an online lithium-free fast charging equivalent circuit model (OLFEM) for estimating the negative electrode potential terminal voltage and developing fast charging strategies of long-dimensional LIBs in real vehicles. This study employs distributed reference electrodes integrated into long-dimensional LIBs and compares the negative electrode potential measured in the vicinity of both the negative and positive tabs. Subsequently, based on the lowest negative electrode potential point, model parameters were obtained at different temperatures and charging rates. This model is further verified under different operating conditions. Finally, a fast-charging strategy without lithium plating is developed in real-time based on the negative electrode potential estimated by the model. The results demonstrate that long-dimensional cells exhibit a lower negative electrode potential on the positive tab side. Across various temperatures and charging rates, the calibrated model achieves a negative electrode potential estimated error within 25 mV, and the estimation error for terminal voltage is within 5 mV. The proposed fast-charging method prevents lithium plating and charges the cell up to 96.8% within an hour. After 100 cycles, the cell experiences a capacity degradation of less than 2%, and the disassembly results indicate that no lithium precipitation has occurred. The methods outlined in this study provide valuable insights for online fast charging of large-dimensional batteries without lithium plating.

The article describes the method of potentiometry in determination of characteristic diameters of air bubbles. The authors discuss feasibility of the Sauer diameter measurement of air bubbles using the difference of electrode potentials at different depths in flotation machine and with further evaluation of aeration intensity. The studies involved a two-phase system at different consumptions of air and frother. The highest aeration intensity is found from the checking tests of a three-phase system. It is found that the rate of increase in the difference between the electrode potentials linearly correlates with the Sauter diameter of air bubbles.

Inorganic radicals, such as superoxide and hydroxyl, play an important role in biology. Their tendency to oxidize or to reduce other compounds has been studied by pulse radiolysis; electrode potentials can be derived when equilibrium is established with a well-known reference compound. An IUPAC Task Group has evaluated the literature and produced the recommended standard electrode potentials for such couples as (O 2 /O 2 ), (HO, H/H 2 O), (O 3 /O 3 ), (Cl 2 /Cl 2 ), (Br 2 /2Br), (NO 2 /NO 2 ), and (CO 3 /CO 3 ).

This is the first work to describe the vibrational properties of the anticancer drug batimastat (BB-94) as an inhibitor of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase with a broad spectrum of activity. In addition, the adsorption of this molecule onto a silver roughened electrode surface using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was studied. This research provides a complete account of the influence of applied electrode potential and excitation wavelengths at the molecule-metal interface. Although vibrational assignment becomes more difficult as the molecule size increases, we performed density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory to calculate molecular geometry in the equilibrium state and Raman frequencies to clarify the nature of vibrational modes. The greatest amplification of the SERS signal occurs for the electrode potential of −0.3 V for the 532 nm excitation line and shifts as moves to the near-infrared laser line at 785 nm. The conclusion is that the mercaptothiophene part and one of the amide groups interact with the metal surface. This results in a charge transfer resonant process in the SERS of this molecule, which has been found by analyzing the charge transfer SERS profiles. Finally, there is the possibility of the formation of different adsorption species or metal complexes on the surface that could contribute to the whole signal observed in the SERS spectra.

The electrode potential of cyanidin was determined both by experimental (cyclic voltammetry) and theoretical methods, at HF/6-311G(d) level of theory. An isodesmic reaction scheme, involving 1,2-benzoquinone as reference molecules, has been proposed for the computation of electrode potential of cyanidin. The results of the ab initio computations are in reasonable agreement with available experimental measurements; the differences between experiment and theory are within the range of 0.02-0.05V. Geometric parameters of the six more stable conformers of cyanidin are computed, as well as properties like atomic charges and contribution to the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) energies of each hydroxyl group of the cyanidin. nema

Background ECG (Electrocardiogram) measurements in home health care demands new sensor solutions. In this study, six different configurations of screen printed conductive ink electrodes have been evaluated with respect to electrode potential variations and electrode impedance. Methods The electrode surfaces consisted of a Ag/AgCl-based ink with a conduction line of carbon or Ag-based ink underneath. On top, a lacquer layer was used to define the electrode area and to cover the conduction lines. Measurements were performed under well-defined electro-chemical conditions in a physiologic saline solution. Results The results showed that all printed electrodes were stable and have a very small potential drift (less than 3 mV/30 min). The contribution to the total impedance was 2% of the set maximal allowed impedance (maximally 1 kΩ at 50 Hz), assuming common values of input impedance and common mode rejection ratio of a regular amplifier. Conclusion Our conclusions are that the tested electrodes show satisfying properties to be used as elements in a skin electrode design that could be suitable for further investigations by applying the electrodes on the skin.