Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
108,002
result(s) for
"Electronic cigarettes"
Sort by:
The vaping controversy
\"This work provides an evenhanded and authoritative overview of vaping and its impact on American culture and public health, especially among younger Americans\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health
The electronic cigarette (
e-cigarette
), for many considered as a safe alternative to conventional cigarettes, has revolutionised the tobacco industry in the last decades. In
e-cigarettes
, tobacco combustion is replaced by
e-liquid
heating, leading some manufacturers to propose that
e-cigarettes
have less harmful respiratory effects than tobacco consumption. Other innovative features such as the adjustment of nicotine content and the choice of pleasant flavours have won over many users. Nevertheless, the safety of
e-cigarette
consumption and its potential as a smoking cessation method remain controversial due to limited evidence. Moreover, it has been reported that the heating process itself can lead to the formation of new decomposition compounds of questionable toxicity. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have been performed to better understand the impact of these new inhalable compounds on human health. Results of toxicological analyses suggest that
e-cigarettes
can be safer than conventional cigarettes, although harmful effects from short-term
e-cigarette
use have been described. Worryingly, the potential long-term effects of
e-cigarette
consumption have been scarcely investigated. In this review, we take stock of the main findings in this field and their consequences for human health including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Journal Article
E-cigarette initiation and associated changes in smoking cessation and reduction: the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013–2015
BackgroundThe role of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in product transitions has been debated.MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study waves 1 (2013–2014) and 2 (2014–2015) to investigate the associations between e-cigarette initiation and cigarette cessation/reduction in the USA. We limited the sample to current cigarette smokers aged 25+ years who were not current e-cigarette users at wave 1. We modelled 30-day cigarette cessation and substantial reduction in cigarette consumption as a function of e-cigarette initiation between surveys using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsBetween waves 1 and 2, 6.9% of cigarette smokers who were not current e-cigarette users transitioned to former smokers. After adjusting for covariates, cigarette smokers who initiated e-cigarette use between waves and reported they used e-cigarettes daily at wave 2 had 7.88 (95% CI 4.45 to 13.95) times the odds of 30-day cigarette cessation compared with non-users of e-cigarettes at wave 2. Cigarette smokers who began using e-cigarettes every day and did not achieve cessation had 5.70 (95% CI 3.47 to 9.35) times the odds of reducing their average daily cigarette use by at least 50% between waves 1 and 2 compared with e-cigarette non-users.ConclusionsDaily e-cigarette initiators were more likely to have quit smoking cigarettes or reduced use compared with non-users. However, less frequent e-cigarette use was not associated with cigarette cessation/reduction. These results suggest incorporating frequency of e-cigarette use is important for developing a more thorough understanding of the association between e-cigarette use and cigarette cessation.
Journal Article
Electronic-cigarette smoke induces lung adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia in mice
Electronic-cigarettes (E-cigs) are marketed as a safe alternative to tobacco to deliver the stimulant nicotine, and their use is gaining in popularity, particularly among the younger population. We recently showed that mice exposed to short-term (12 wk) E-cig smoke (ECS) sustained extensive DNA damage in lungs, heart, and bladder mucosa and diminished DNA repair in lungs. Nicotine and its nitrosation product, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone, cause the same deleterious effects in human lung epithelial and bladder urothelial cells. These findings raise the possibility that ECS is a lung and bladder carcinogen in addition to nicotine. Given the fact that E-cig use has become popular in the past decade, epidemiological data on the relationship between ECS and human cancer may not be known for a decade to come. In this study, the carcinogenicity of ECS was tested in mice. We found that mice exposed to ECS for 54 wk developed lung adenocarcinomas (9 of 40 mice, 22.5%) and bladder urothelial hyperplasia (23 of 40 mice, 57.5%). These lesions were extremely rare in mice exposed to vehicle control or filtered air. Current observations that ECS induces lung adenocarcinomas and bladder urothelial hyperplasia, combined with our previous findings that ECS induces DNA damage in the lungs and bladder and inhibits DNA repair in lung tissues, implicate ECS as a lung and potential bladder carcinogen in mice. While it is well established that tobacco smoke poses a huge threat to human health, whether ECS poses any threat to humans is not yet known and warrants careful investigation.
Journal Article
Association between electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background
This systematic review of prospective longitudinal primary studies sought to determine whether electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use by teenagers who had never smoked conventional tobacco cigarettes (tobacco cigarettes) at baseline was associated with subsequently commencing tobacco cigarette smoking.
Methods
The review followed the principles of a systematic review and meta-analysis. A key word search identified peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2005 and 2 October 2019 from seven bibliographic databases and one search engine. Using pre-prepared inclusion/exclusion criteria two researchers independently screened abstracts, and subsequently, full text papers. Selected articles were quality assessed in duplicate. Data on study participants characteristics, exposure and outcome measures were recorded in an adapted Cochrane Data Extraction Form. Feasibility assessment was done to detect clinical heterogeneity and choose an approach to meta-analysis. Analysis comprised pairwise random effects meta-analyses, and sensitivity and subgroup analyses.
Results
From the 6619 studies identified, 14 one-off primary studies in 21 articles were suitable for inclusion. The participants ages ranged from 13 to 19 years and comprised teenagers based in Europe and North America. Nine of the 14 one-off studies, with follow-up periods between 4 and 24 months, met the criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis of the association between ever use of e-cigarettes and subsequent initiation of tobacco cigarette use. Based on primary study adjusted odds ratios, our meta-analysis calculated a 4.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.00–5.48, I
2
68%, 9 primary studies) times higher odds of commencing tobacco cigarette smoking for teenagers who had ever used e-cigarettes at baseline, though the odds ratio were marginally lower (to 3.71 times odds, 95%CI: 2.83–4. 86, I
2
35%, 4 primary studies) when only the four high-quality studies were analysed.
Conclusion
The systematic review found that e-cigarette use was associated with commencement of tobacco cigarette smoking among teenagers in Europe and North America, identifying an important health-related harm. Given the availability and usage of e-cigarettes, this study provides added support for urgent response by policymakers to stop their use by teenagers to decrease direct harms in this susceptible population group, as well as to conserve achievements in diminishing tobacco cigarette initiation.
Journal Article
A randomised, open-label, cross-over clinical study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of cigarettes and e-cigarettes with nicotine salt formulations in US adult smokers
E-cigarettes containing ‘nicotine salts’ aim to increase smoker’s satisfaction by improving blood nicotine delivery and other sensory properties. Here, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles and subjective effects of nicotine from two e-cigarette device platforms with varying concentrations of nicotine lactate (nicotine salt) e-liquid relative to conventional cigarettes. A randomised, open-label, cross-over clinical study was conducted in 15 healthy US adult smokers. Five different e-cigarette products were evaluated consecutively on different days after use of own brand conventional cigarette. Plasma nicotine pharmacokinetics, subjective effects, and tolerability were assessed following controlled use of the products. The rate of nicotine absorption into the bloodstream was comparable from all e-cigarettes tested and was as rapid as that for conventional cigarette. However, in all cases, nicotine delivery did not exceed that of the conventional cigarette. The pharmacokinetic profiles of nicotine salt emissions were also dependent upon the properties of the e-cigarette device. Subjective scores were numerically highest after smoking a conventional cigarette followed by the myblu 40-mg nicotine salt formulation. The rise in nicotine blood levels following use of all the tested e-cigarettes was quantified as ‘a little’ to ‘modestly’ satisfying at relieving the desire to smoke. All products were well tolerated with no notable adverse events reported. These results demonstrate that, while delivering less nicotine than a conventional cigarette, the use of nicotine salts in e-cigarettes enables cigarette-like pulmonary delivery of nicotine that reduces desire to smoke.
Journal Article
Acute Effects of Electronic and Tobacco Cigarette Smoking on Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure in Humans
Acute tobacco cigarette (TC) smoking increases blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity, whereas there are scarce data on the impact of electronic cigarette (EC) smoking. We assessed the acute effects of TC, EC and sham smoking on blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic nervous system. Methods: We studied 12 normotensive male habitual smokers (mean age 33 years) free of cardiovascular disease. The study design was randomized and sham controlled with three experimental sessions (sham smoking, TC smoking and EC smoking). After baseline measurements at rest, the subjects were then asked to smoke (puffing habits left uncontrolled) two TC cigarettes containing 1.1 mg nicotine, EC smoking or simulated smoking with a drinking straw with a filter (sham smoking), in line with previous methodology. Results: EC smoking at 5 and 30 min compared to baseline was accompanied by the augmentation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (p < 0.001 for all). The muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) decrease was significant during both TC and EC sessions (p < 0.001 for both comparisons) and was similar between them (−25.1% ± 9.8% vs. −34.4% ± 8.3%, respectively, p = 0.018). Both MSNA decreases were significantly higher (p < 0.001 for both comparisons) than that elicited by sham smoking (−4.4% ± 4.8%). Skin sympathetic nerve activity increase was significant in both TC and EC groups (p < 0.001 for both comparisons) and similar between them (73.4% ± 17.9% and 71.9% ± 7%, respectively, p = 0.829). Conclusions: The unfavorable responses of sympathetic and arterial pressure to EC smoking are similar to those elicited by TC in healthy habitual smokers.
Journal Article
Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes
Background
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are battery-operated devices designed to vaporise nicotine, which may help smokers quitting or reducing their tobacco consumption. There is a lack of data on the health effects of EC use among smokers with COPD and whether regular use results in improvement in subjective and objective COPD outcomes.
We investigated long-term changes in objective and subjective respiratory outcomes in smokers with a diagnosis of COPD who quit or reduced substantially their tobacco consumption by supplementing with or converting only to ECs use.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with COPD to identify those reporting regular daily use of ECs on at least two follow-up visits at 12- (F/up1) and 24-months (F/up2). Regularly smoking COPD patients were included as a reference group.
Results
A marked reduction in cigarette consumption was observed in ECs users. A significant reduction in COPD exacerbations was reported in the COPD EC user group, their mean (±SD) decreasing from 2.3 (±1) at baseline to 1.8 (±1;
p
= 0.002) and 1.4 (±0.9;
p
< 0.001) at F/up1 and F/up2 respectively. A significant reduction in COPD exacerbations was also observed in ECs users who also smoked conventional cigarettes (i.e. ‘dual users’). COPD symptoms and ability to perform physical activities improved statistically in the EC group at both visits, with no change in the control group.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that ECs use may aid smokers with COPD reduce their cigarette consumption or remain abstinent, which results in marked improvements in annual exacerbation rate as well as subjective and objective COPD outcomes.
Journal Article
A decade of e-cigarettes: trends and determinants among U.S. middle and high school students (2013–2022)
Objectives
To analyze the 10-year trend (2013–2022) in e-cigarette use among U.S. middle and high school students, identify reasons for use across demographic subgroups, and explore factors associated with ever using e-cigarettes.
Methods
Cross sectional data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) from 2013 to 2022 were used to study e-cigarette use trends among middle and high school students. Descriptive, multivariable logistic regression, and joinpoint models analyzed factors associated with ever using e-cigarettes. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS and Python, with a significance level of
p
< 0.05 taking into account weighting/ complex sampling.
Results
E-cigarette use among students peaked in 2019 and then declined from 2020 to 2022. Usage was highest among Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic students, and lowest among Asian students. In 2022, females comprised over half of students who ever used e-cigarettes (53%). The main reasons for using e-cigarettes included influence from friends/family, appealing flavors, and the ability to use e-cigarettes discreetly. Males, Non-Hispanic Whites, high school students, and those with a history of cigarette use had higher odds of ever using e-cigarettes in the US from 2013 to 2022. Joinpoint regression revealed a significant increase in use among males from 2014 to 2019 and among females from 2015 to 2019 (
p
< 0.05). Similarly, a significant upward trend was observed after 2014, with the AAPC ranging from approximately 183% in White students to 330% in Asian students.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that between 2013 and 2019, adolescents in the U.S. experienced a significant upward trend in e-cigarette use. Non-Hispanic White adolescents were the predominant adolescents who use e-cigarettes, followed by Hispanic adolescents. The study suggests this trend could be driven by peer influence and product flavors. However, in 2022, females represented over half of adolescents who had ever used e-cigarettes, indicating a shift in use patterns over time. These results underscore the importance of policy interventions to address e-cigarette use among youth in this population.
Journal Article