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A Baker's Dozen
This book has been written to help digital engineers who need a few basic analog tools in their toolbox. For practicing digital engineers, students, educators and hands-on managers who are looking for the analog foundation they need to handle their daily engineering problems, this will serve as a valuable reference to the nuts-and-bolts of system analog design in a digital world. This book is a hands-on designer's guide to the most important topics in analog electronics-such as Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion, operational amplifiers, filters, and integrating analog and digital systems. The presentation is tailored for engineers who are primarily experienced and/or educated in digital circuit design. This book will teach such readers how to \"think analog\" when it is the best solution to their problem. Special attention is also given to fundamental topics, such as noise and how to use analog test and measurement equipment, that are often ignored in other analog titles aimed at professional engineers. * Extensive use of case-histories and real design examples. * Offers digital designers the right analog \"tool\" for the job at hand. * Conversational, annecdotal \"tone\" is very easily accessible by students and practitioners alike.
eBook
Programmable full-adder computations in communicating three-dimensional cell cultures
Designer cells executing rationally assembled genetic programs that can process input signals with programmable logic are combined in a 3D cell culture that performs three-input, two-output full-adder computations.Synthetic biologists have advanced the design of trigger-inducible gene switches and their assembly into input-programmable circuits that enable engineered human cells to perform arithmetic calculations reminiscent of electronic circuits. By designing a versatile plug-and-play molecular-computation platform, we have engineered nine different cell populations with genetic programs, each of which encodes a defined computational instruction. When assembled into 3D cultures, these engineered cell consortia execute programmable multicellular full-adder logics in response to three trigger compounds.
Journal Article
Development of a sensor and measurement platform for water quality observations: design, sensor integration, 3D printing, and open-source hardware
A measurement and development platform for collecting water quality data (the WaterWatcher) was developed. The platform includes sensors to measure turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and water temperature as variables that are often collected to assess water quality. The design is extensible for research and monitoring purposes, and all the design files are provided under open-source permissive licenses for further development. System design and operation are discussed for illustrative purposes. A block diagram indicates elements of mechanical, electrical, and software design for this system. The mechanical assembly used to house circuit boards and sensors is designed using 3D printing for rapid prototyping. The electronic circuit board acts as a carrier for an Arduino 32-bit microcontroller board and an associated cellular module along with a GPS for geolocation of water quality measurements. The cellular module permits data transfer for Internet of Things (IoT) functionality. System operation is set up using a command line interface (CLI) and C + + code that allows for calibration coefficients and human-readable transfer functions to be defined so that sensor voltages are related to physical quantities. Data are cached on a secure digital (SD) card for backup. The circuit was calibrated, and system operation assessed by deployment on an urban reservoir. Biogeochemical cycles were identified in the collected data using spectrogram and semivariogram analyses to validate system operation. As a system with hardware and software released under an open source license, the WaterWatcher platform reduces the time and effort required to build and deploy low-cost water quality measurement sensors and provides an example of the basic hardware design that can be used for measurements of water quality.
Journal Article
Circuit implementation of 3D chaotic self-exciting single-disk homopolar dynamo and its application in digital image confidentiality
Confidentiality of secret information is one of the mandatory issue of digitally modernized era of science and technology. Due to availability of several online web applications and social media usages nowadays, information is transmitted with ease. The privacy of these digital information can be addressed by using different encryption mechanisms. We have proposed digital information privacy preserving scheme based on three-dimensional chaotic self-exciting single disk homopolar system. Moreover, we have designed a circuit implementations of three-dimensional chaotic self-exciting single disk homopolar dynamical system. The suggested encryption scheme is tested against different security performance analyses which clearly reflects the affectedness of our encryption scheme.
Journal Article
An Investigation of the Operating Principles and Power Consumption of Digital-Based Analog Amplifiers
Digital-based differential amplifiers (DDA) are particularly suitable to low voltage digital integrated circuit technologies. This paper presents an exhaustive analysis of digital-based analog amplifiers to take advantage of today’s high-performance digital technologies, and of computer aided design (CAD), which is commonly employed to design integrated circuits. The operating principle and the main mathematical relations of digital-based differential amplifiers are discussed along with an exhaustive explanation of its operating regions and of the corresponding power consumption. These aspects, which are not discussed in the literature, are very important for the circuit designers. Finally, a detailed description of the design procedure of the UMC 180nm standard CMOS technology is provided.
Journal Article
Teamwork in Multi-Agent Systems
What makes teamwork tick? Cooperation matters, in daily life and in complex applications. After all, many tasks need more than a single agent to be effectively performed. Therefore, teamwork rules! Teams are social groups of agents dedicated to the fulfilment of particular persistent tasks. In modern multiagent environments, heterogeneous teams often consist of autonomous software agents, various types of robots and human beings. Teamwork in Multi-agent Systems: A Formal Approach explains teamwork rules in terms of agents' attitudes and their complex interplay. It provides the first comprehensive logical theory, TeamLog, underpinning teamwork in dynamic environments. The authors justify design choices by showing TeamLog in action. The book guides the reader through a fascinating discussion of issues essential for teamwork to be successful: What is teamwork, and how can a logical view of it help in designing teams of agents? What is the role of agents' awareness in an uncertain, dynamic environment? How does collective intention constitute a team? How are plan-based collective commitments related to team action? How can one tune collective commitment to the team's organizational structure and its communication abilities?\\ What are the methodological underpinnings for teamwork in a dynamic environment? How does a team and its attitudes adjust to changing circumstances? How do collective intentions and collective commitments arise through dialogue? What is the computational complexity of TeamLog? How can one make TeamLog efficient in applications? This book is an invaluable resource for researchers and graduate students in computer science and artificial intelligence as well as for developers of multi-agent systems. Students and researchers in organizational science, in particular those investigating teamwork, will also find this book insightful. Since the authors made an effort to introduce TeamLog as a conceptual model of teamwork, understanding most of the book requires solely a basic logical background.
eBook
Incorporating programming languages in the enhancement of the learning process for sequential logic circuit design
Logic circuits can generally be classified into two categories of combinational and sequential logic circuits. In the sequential circuit design, although it is easy to construct a state transition table from state transition diagram, creating an excitation table according to the memory type is a very laborious and time-consuming task. There are several software-based applications and hardware description languages to describe the structure and behavior of electronic circuits. This will take more time and persistence much like learning any other skill. Computer science degrees include courses focused mainly on programming languages. There is a strong case to be made for use of skills acquired in programming courses to shorten the learning curve. Thus, this work proposes a method for the implementation of the circuit incorporating only the state equations of the sequential circuit without dealing with excitation tables. This allows to model the behavior of circuit through buttonbox, checkbox, textbox, etc., which are the basic elements of the graphical user interface-based programming language. A questionnaire was utilized to assess the change in the learning activity of students and perceptions of the proposed method. The results provided that the method was an effective and engaging way of teaching the sequential circuit design.
Journal Article
A Highly Configurable Packet Sniffer Based on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays for Network Security Applications
Web applications and online business transactions have grown tremendously in recent years. As a result, cyberattacks have become a major threat to the digital services that are essential for our society. To minimize the risks of cyberattacks, many countermeasures are deployed on computing nodes and network devices. One such countermeasure is the firewall, which is designed with two main architectural approaches: software running on standard or embedded computers, or hardware specially designed for the purpose, such as (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) ASICs. Software-based firewalls offer high flexibility and can be easily ported to upgradable hardware, but they cannot handle high data rates. On the other hand, hardware-based firewalls can process data at very high speeds, but are expensive and difficult to update, resulting in a short lifespan. To address these issues, we explored the use of an (Field-Programmable Gate Array) FPGA architecture, which offers low latency and high-throughput characteristics along with easy upgradability, making it a more balanced alternative to other programmable systems, like (Graphics Processor Unit) GPUs or microcontrollers. In this paper, we presented a packet sniffer designed on the FPGA development board KC705 produced by Xilinx, which can analyze Ethernet frames, check the frame fields against a set of user-defined rules, and calculate statistics of the received Ethernet frames over time. The system has a data transfer rate of 1 Gbit/s (with preliminary results of increased data rates to 10 Gbit/s) and has been successfully tested with both ad hoc-generated Ethernet frames and real web traffic by connecting the packet sniffer to the internet.
Journal Article
A Survey on Design Space Exploration Approaches for Approximate Computing Systems
Approximate Computing (AxC) has emerged as a promising paradigm to enhance performance and energy efficiency by allowing a controlled trade-off between accuracy and resource consumption. It is extensively adopted across various abstraction levels, from software to architecture and circuit levels, employing diverse methodologies. The primary objective of AxC is to reduce energy consumption for executing error-resilient applications, accepting controlled and inherently acceptable output quality degradation. However, harnessing AxC poses several challenges, including identifying segments within a design amenable to approximation and selecting suitable AxC techniques to fulfill accuracy and performance criteria. This survey provides a comprehensive review of recent methodologies proposed for performing Design Space Exploration (DSE) to find the most suitable AxC techniques, focusing on both hardware and software implementations. DSE is a crucial design process where system designs are modeled, evaluated, and optimized for various extra-functional system behaviors such as performance, power consumption, energy efficiency, and accuracy. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify papers that ascribe their DSE algorithms, excluding those relying on exhaustive search methods. This survey aims to detail the state-of-the-art DSE methodologies that efficiently select AxC techniques, offering insights into their applicability across different hardware platforms and use-case domains. For this purpose, papers were categorized based on the type of search algorithm used, with Machine Learning (ML) and Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) being the predominant approaches. Further categorization is based on the target hardware, including Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), general-purpose Central Processing Units (CPUs), and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). A notable observation was that most studies targeted image processing applications due to their tolerance for accuracy loss. By providing an overview of techniques and methods outlined in existing literature pertaining to the DSE of AxC designs, this survey elucidates the current trends and challenges in optimizing approximate designs.
Journal Article