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"Electronic voting"
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Blockchain for Electronic Voting System—Review and Open Research Challenges
Online voting is a trend that is gaining momentum in modern society. It has great potential to decrease organizational costs and increase voter turnout. It eliminates the need to print ballot papers or open polling stations—voters can vote from wherever there is an Internet connection. Despite these benefits, online voting solutions are viewed with a great deal of caution because they introduce new threats. A single vulnerability can lead to large-scale manipulations of votes. Electronic voting systems must be legitimate, accurate, safe, and convenient when used for elections. Nonetheless, adoption may be limited by potential problems associated with electronic voting systems. Blockchain technology came into the ground to overcome these issues and offers decentralized nodes for electronic voting and is used to produce electronic voting systems mainly because of their end-to-end verification advantages. This technology is a beautiful replacement for traditional electronic voting solutions with distributed, non-repudiation, and security protection characteristics. The following article gives an overview of electronic voting systems based on blockchain technology. The main goal of this analysis was to examine the current status of blockchain-based voting research and online voting systems and any related difficulties to predict future developments. This study provides a conceptual description of the intended blockchain-based electronic voting application and an introduction to the fundamental structure and characteristics of the blockchain in connection to electronic voting. As a consequence of this study, it was discovered that blockchain systems may help solve some of the issues that now plague election systems. On the other hand, the most often mentioned issues in blockchain applications are privacy protection and transaction speed. For a sustainable blockchain-based electronic voting system, the security of remote participation must be viable, and for scalability, transaction speed must be addressed. Due to these concerns, it was determined that the existing frameworks need to be improved to be utilized in voting systems.
Journal Article
Securing e-voting based on blockchain in P2P network
Electronic voting (e-voting) is an electronic means for casting and counting votes. It is an efficient and cost-effective way for conducting a voting procedure, which has characteristic of being magnanimous data and real time and requesting high safety. However, concerns on security of networking and privacy of communication for e-voting have been grown. Securing e-voting is very urgent and has becoming a popular topic in the area of communications and networking. We present techniques to exploit blockchain in P2P network to improve the security of e-voting. First, we design a synchronized model of voting records based on distributed ledger technology (DLT) to avoid forgery of votes. Second, we design a user credential model based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to provide authentication and non-repudiation. Third, we design a withdrawal model that allows voters to change their vote before a preset deadline. By integrating the above designs, a blockchain-based e-voting scheme in P2P network is proposed for essential requirements of e-voting process. To prove and verify the scheme, a blockchain-based e-voting system for multiple candidates has been designed on Linux platforms in P2P network. The system involves electronic voting theory, cryptography, and software engineering theory. The implementation result shows that it is a practical and secure e-voting system, which solves the problem on forgery of votes during e-voting. The blockchain-based e-voting system can be applied to a variety of networking applications directly.
Journal Article
Implementation of blockchain-based e-voting system
An electronic voting portal should provide security, integrity, vote transparency, and voter privacy. Electronic voting, or e-voting, has been used in many ways since the 1970s, with essential advantages over paper-based systems, such as higher efficiency and fewer errors. However, attaining widespread acceptance of such systems remains a problem, particularly in enhancing their resistance to potential mistakes. Blockchain is a cutting-edge technology that has the potential to improve the overall security of electronic voting systems. This paper uses smart contracts to develop an e-voting Decentralized Application (DApp) on the Ethereum blockchain and develops a frontend to access the DApp easily on the blockchain. This paper began with an overview of blockchain and explored the blockchain application challenges. One of the things that can be improved is the election voting system that leaves so many gaps for incompetence and tampering with the votes collected, as witnessed by so many real-life cases in our country. Finally, the added visibility of the voting procedure and more effective security can help in providing a fair result. This article also discussed using blockchain, essentially the smart contract function of the Ethereum blockchain, to make a decentralized app for the voting procedure of an election. It provides full transparency over the votes, with real-time tracking by using an election DApp. The blockchain makes it possible to have a fully transparent election while keeping all the voters anonymous.
Journal Article
Secure Digital Voting System Based on Blockchain Technology
Electronic voting or e-voting has been used in varying forms since 1970s with fundamental benefits over paper-based systems such as increased efficiency and reduced errors. However, challenges remain to the achieving of wide spread adoption of such systems, especially with respect to improving their resilience against potential faults. Blockchain is a disruptive technology of the current era and promises to improve the overall resilience of e-voting systems. This article presents an effort to leverage benefits of blockchain such as cryptographic foundations and transparency to achieve an effective scheme for e-voting. The proposed scheme conforms to the fundamental requirements for e-voting schemes and achieves end-to-end verifiability. The article presents details of the proposed e-voting scheme along with its implementation using Multichain platform. The article also presents an in-depth evaluation of the scheme which successfully demonstrates its effectiveness to achieve an end-to-end verifiable e-voting scheme.
Journal Article
Lattice-Based Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Action: Applications to Electronic Voting
This paper studies several building blocks needed for electronic voting in order to prepare for the post-quantum era. In particular, we present lattice-based constructions for a generic zero-knowledge (ZK) proof of ballot correctness, a ZK proof of ballot correctness applicable for the homomorphic tallying scenario, and a ZK proof to achieve cast-as-intended verification during the vote casting period. We implement and benchmark our ballot correctness proofs, giving concrete estimations comparing the performance of homomorphic tallying and mix-net based e-voting systems in case of our lattice-based constructions.
Journal Article
A remote and cost‐optimized voting system using blockchain and smart contract
Traditional voting procedures are non‐remote, time‐consuming, and less secure. While the voter believes their vote was submitted successfully, the authority does not provide evidence that the vote was counted and tallied. In most cases, the anonymity of a voter is also not sure, as the voter's details are included in the ballot papers. Many voters consider this voting system untrustworthy and manipulative, discouraging them from voting, and consequently, an election loses a significant number of participants. Although the inclusion of electronic voting systems (EVS) has increased efficiency; however, it has raised concerns over security, legitimacy, and transparency. To mitigate these problems, blockchain technology has been leveraged and smart contract facilities with a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) to propose a remote voting system that makes the overall voting procedure transparent, semi‐decentralized, and secure. In addition, a system that aids in boosting the number of turnouts in an election through an incentivization policy for the voters have also developed. Through the proposed virtual campaigning feature, the authority can generate a decent amount of revenue, which downsizes the overall cost of an election. To reduce the associated cost of transactions using smart contracts, this system implements a hybrid storage system where only a few cardinal data are stored in the blockchain network. A remote voting system is proposed with the blockchain and smart contract based technology with a combination of Artificial Intelligence technique. To reduce the associated cost of transactions using smart contracts, our system implements a hybrid storage system where only a few cardinal data is stored in the blockchain network.
Journal Article
Blockchain Based Cryptographic Algorithm for Data Protection in Electronic Voting System
The development of digital world created advancement of technology, by which the data services are electronically transacted. Electronic voting is used to improve the election system in several ways. But technical issues associated with protection of data, is considered as a major concern leading to illegal activities and threats. Some of the conventional methods used in securing e-votes are matching finger prints of individual, control unit accessibility, which provides decreased capability of attaining proper authenticity and security. Even several cryptographic methods are used for data security, but produced limited accuracy. So, to improve the reliability and accuracy of data protection in e-voting, combination of AES (Advanced Encryption System) and RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman) combined with blockchain technology is implemented. AES uses larger key size which makes the data privacy robust. But encryption and decryption time produces decreases computational speed. So, AES is combined with RSA, as it uses shorter key length and easy to implement with block-chain algorithm, it is deployed to decrease encryption and decryption time, thus producing highly sensitive data security. The performance of the system is validated by calculating the encryption and decryption time, block size and verification time of original data with output data.
Journal Article
A review of E-voting: the past, present and future
Electronic voting systems are those which depend on some electronic technology for their correct functionality. Many of them depend on such technology for the communication of election data. Depending on one or more communication channels in order to run elections poses many technical challenges with respect to verifiability, dependability, security, anonymity and trust. Changing the way in which people vote has many social and political implications. The role of election administrators and (independent) observers is fundamentally different when complex communications technology is involved in the process. Electronic voting has been deployed in many different types of election throughout the world for several decades. Despite lack of agreement on whether this has been a ‘success’, there has been—in the last few years—enormous investment in remote electronic voting (primarily as a means of exploiting the internet as the underlying communication technology).This paper reviews the past, present and future of on-line voting. It reports on the role of technology transfer, from research to practice, and the range of divergent views concerning the adoption of on-line voting for critical elections.
Journal Article
Transforming online voting: a novel system utilizing blockchain and biometric verification for enhanced security, privacy, and transparency
As a cornerstone of democratic governance, elections hold unparalleled significance, shaping a nation’s trajectory. However, the prevailing ballot-paper based voting systems continue to face trust issues among significant populations. As a result, e-Voting has emerged as an appealing alternative, with numerous countries opting for its implementation globally. While e-Voting systems offer several advantages, they also come with their own set of challenges. Even a minor vulnerability can lead to massive manipulations in voting results. In recent years, there have been efforts to revolutionize the e-Voting paradigm by harnessing the potential of emerging technologies such as biometrics and blockchain. This paper proposes a Internet-based voting that adopts blockchain technology and biometric identification techniques. We use biometric modalities, such as fingerprint and facial recognition, for voter authentication while leveraging Hyperledger Fabric framework as blockchain network and ensuring a secure, transparent, and tamper-evident voting record. We demonstrate the proposed system with 100 participants in a preset environment where we collect the biometrics data. The results indicate that 87% of participants successfully registered with biometrics, while 88% cast their votes with a combination of either voter ID and fingerprint or voter ID with facial recognition. Our findings suggest that the proposed system allows voters to access the system seamlessly and automate identity verification procedures while ensuring a secure, decentralized, and distributed database network that maintains transparency. Future research shall be carried out in collaboration with election officials and voters to improve the system in real-world scenarios.
Journal Article