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The lipid phase transition (LPT) from the fluid liquid crystalline phase to the more rigid gel structure phase that occurs upon exposure to low temperatures can affect physical structure and function of cellular membranes. This study set out to investigate the membrane phase behavior of oocytes of three gorgonian corals; Junceela fragilis, J. juncea and Ellisella robusta,at different developmental stages after exposure to reduced temperatures. Oocytes were chilled to 5 degree C for 48, 96 or 144 h, and the LPT temperature (LPTT) was determined with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The J. fragilis oocytes had a higher LPTT (23.0-23.7 degree C) than those of J. juncea and E. robusta oocytes (approximately 18.3-20.3 degree C). Upon chilling for 96 h at 5 degree C, the LPTTs of J. juncea and E. robusta oocytes in the early (18.0 plus or minus 1.0 and 18.3 plus or minus 0.6 degree C, respectively) and late (17.3 plus or minus 0.6 and 17.7 plus or minus 1.2 degree C, respectively) stages were significantly lower than those of J. fragilis oocytes (20.3 plus or minus 2.1 and 19.3 plus or minus 1.5 degree C for the early and late stages, respectively). The LPTTs of early stage gorgonian oocytes was significantly lower than those of late stage oocytes. These results suggest that the LPT of three gorgonian oocytes at different developmental stages may have been influenced by the phospholipid composition of their plasma membranes, which could have implications for their low temperature resistance.

Autogenic engineers (i.e., biogenic structure) add to habitat complexity by altering the environment by their own physical structures. The presence of autogenic engineers is correlated with increases in species abundance and biodiversity. Biogenic structural communities off the coast of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Delmarva) are comprised of multiple species including boring sponge Cliona celata , various hydroids (i.e., Tubularia sp., Obelia sp., Campanular sp.), northern stone coral Astrangia poculata , sea whips Leptogorgia virgulata , and blue mussels Mytilus edulis. Sea whips are soft corals that provide the majority of vertical height to benthic structure off the coast of the Delmarva peninsula. The mid-Atlantic bight is inhabited by several economically valuable fishes; however, data regarding habitat composition, habitat quality, and fish abundance are scarce. We collected quadrat and sea whip images from 12 artificial reef sites (i.e., shipwrecks) ranging from 10 to 24 m depth to determine proportional coverage of biogenic structures and to assess habitat health, respectively. Underwater video surveys were used to estimate fish abundances on the 12 study sites and determine if fish abundance was related to biogenic coverage and habitat health. Our results showed that higher fish abundance was significantly correlated with higher proportional sea whip coral coverage, but showed no significant relationship to other biogenic structure. Assessment of sea whip condition (as a damage index) showed that sea whip corals on artificial reefs off the Delmarva coast exhibited minor signs of degradation that did not differ significantly among study sites.

The lipid phase transition (LPT) from the fluid liquid crystalline phase to the more rigid gel structure phase that occurs upon exposure to low temperatures can affect physical structure and function of cellular membranes. This study set out to investigate the membrane phase behavior of oocytes of three gorgonian corals; Junceela fragilis, J. juncea and Ellisella robusta,at different developmental stages after exposure to reduced temperatures. Oocytes were chilled to 5°C for 48, 96 or 144 h, and the LPT temperature (LPTT) was determined with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The J. fragilis oocytes had a higher LPTT (∼23.0-23.7°C) than those of J. juncea and E. robusta oocytes (approximately 18.3-20.3°C). Upon chilling for 96 h at 5°C, the LPTTs of J. juncea and E. robusta oocytes in the early (18.0±1.0 and 18.3±0.6°C, respectively) and late (17.3±0.6 and 17.7±1.2°C, respectively) stages were significantly lower than those of J. fragilis oocytes (20.3±2.1 and 19.3±1.5°C for the early and late stages, respectively). The LPTTs of early stage gorgonian oocytes was significantly lower than those of late stage oocytes. These results suggest that the LPT of three gorgonian oocytes at different developmental stages may have been influenced by the phospholipid composition of their plasma membranes, which could have implications for their low temperature resistance.

The occurrence of the candelabrum coral Ellisella paraplexauroides in Italian waters (Sicily Strait, Mediterranean Sea), was documented during a remotely operated vehicle cruise, carried out by ISPRA in May 2010 on-board the RV ‘Astrea’. Five specimens were photographed and sampled from 80 to 94 m depth on the north-east coasts of Pantelleria Island, confirming the distribution of this species in the central Mediterranean Sea. A description of the living colonies and other taxonomic and ecological characteristics is provided.

Hydroids symbiotic with octocorals in the Bunaken Marine Park and in the Lembeh Strait (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) were studied. Four species, Hydrichthella epigorgia, Ralpharia neira, Pteroclava krempfi and Zanclea timida sp. nov. were recorded and are described. The new species Z. timida is the only one of the genus associated with an octocoral. It is characterized by a naked hydrorhiza producing nematocyst knobs and by polyps which are able to retract into their own rigid, cup-shaped, basal region. The relationship between epibiontic hydroids and their octocoral hosts affects the morphology of both partners. The hydrorhiza of Hydrichthella epigorgia is naked when associated with Anthoplexaura dimorpha, but perisarc-covered when growing on other gorgonian host species. Vice versa, the hydroid is also able to affect the host morphology: Ralpharia neira induces Ellisella sp. to develop new branches, with the inner skeleton enveloping the hydroid stem.

Axial skeletons of 13 species of gorgonians were examined by SEM, X-ray diffraction, and polarizing microscopy. Calcite, though occasionally amorphous is the major biogenic carbonate of axes. Non-biogenic mineralization may be calcitic, amorphous, or aragonitic. Axes of Plexaurella contain numerous, lenticular, calcitic loculi of spherulitic prismatic crystals. Mineralization in Ellisella barbadensis is in the form of concentric layers of perpendicularly oriented, lath-shaped crystals that extend through the annulations. Numerous longitudinally oriented collagen fibers perforate the crystals. Mineralization in Lophogorgia cardinalis is in the form of crescentic, shield-shaped, flat, laminated plates composed of alternating layers of calcified (sheathed) and uncalcified collagen fibers. The fibrous component in all species is oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of axes. Fine striae on transversely fractured crystals of species of Plexaurella and E. barbadensis probably represent daily growth banding. The functional associations of mineral forms with stiffness, resistance to twist, and water movement zones are discussed.

The structures, names, bioactivities, and references of 124 briarane-type natural products, including 66 new metabolites, isolated between 2014 and 2016 are summarized in this review article. All of the briarane diterpenoids mentioned in this review were isolated from octocorals, mainly from Briareum violacea, Dichotella gemmacea, Ellisella dollfusi, Junceella fragilis, Junceella gemmacea, and Pennatula aculeata. Some of these compounds exhibited potential biomedical activities, including anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells.