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Psychological and Behavioral Responses in South Korea During the Early Stages of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Background: The psychological and behavioral responses during the early stage of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Korea were investigated to guide the public as full and active participants of public health emergency preparedness (PHEP), which is essential to improving resilience and reducing the population’s fundamental vulnerability. Methods: Data were collected through an online survey four weeks after the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) confirmed the first case in South Korea; 973 subjects were included in the analysis. Results: Respondents’ perceived risk of COVID-19 infection; the majority of respondents reported that their perceived chance of infection was “neither high nor low” (51.3%). The average perceived severity score was higher than perceived susceptibility; 48.6 % reported that the severity would be “high,” while 19.9% reported “very high.” Many respondents reported taking precautions, 67.8% reported always practicing hand hygiene, and 63.2% reported always wearing a facial mask when outside. Approximately 50% reported postponing or canceling social events, and 41.5% were avoiding crowded places. Practicing precautionary behaviors associated strongly with perceived risk and response efficacy of the behavior. Conclusions: Our study confirmed the significance of the psychological responses, which associated with behavioral responses and significantly influenced the public’s level of public health emergency preparedness regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. This result has consequences not only for implementing public health strategies for the pandemic but also for understanding future emerging infectious diseases.
Journal Article
Coordination of laboratory and diagnostic services during public health emergencies: a qualitative study
Background
Diagnostics and laboratory testing are critical components of facilities’ systems for emergency response to infectious diseases. Yet, critical gaps exist in the testing and diagnostic capacities of faith-based health providers, particularly those in low and middle-income countries, limiting their response to health emergencies. Accordingly, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan for the World Health Organization African Region (1 February 2021–31 January 2022) was used to examine the capacity for laboratory and diagnostic services in a Christian Health Association of Ghana’s (CHAG) facility during the Marburg Virus outbreak in Ghana.
Method
To examine the fifth pillar of the WHO COVID-19 SPRP-AFR (2021), 15 clinical and nonclinical health workers from a CHAG facility and Ghana Health Service (GHS) staff were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.
Findings
The CHAG facility relied extensively on external assistance from government of Ghana during MVD outbreak. The major challenges identified include equipment and human resource constraints, over-reliance on external entities for testing, and delays in sample collection and turnover time, among others.
Conclusion
Given the recent disease outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa, the government of Ghana and owners of healthcare facilities in Ghana must start resourcing their facilities with the relevant structural and non-structural equipment in readiness for future disease outbreaks.
Journal Article
How to prepare for climate change : a practical guide to surviving the chaos
\"A practical and comprehensive guide to surviving the greatest disaster of our time, from New York Times bestselling self-help author and beloved CBS Sunday Morning science and technology correspondent David Pogue\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Bridging public health emergency and pharmaceutical supply chain preparedness: a scoping review and framework synthesis
Background
Recent public health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic and large-scale natural disasters, have exposed vulnerabilities in pharmaceutical and health-product supply chains. These events demonstrate that preparedness relies not only on surveillance or clinical capacity but also on the effective management of medicine logistics systems. This scoping review aimed to identify existing assessment tools for public health emergency (PHE) preparedness and health supply chain (HSC) management and to develop an integrated framework that links these two areas to support more comprehensive evaluation of system readiness.
Methods
A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. MEDLINE (PubMed) and Scopus were searched for records published between January 2002 and July 2024, complemented by grey literature searches and expert consultation. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and data were mapped using the Flower Framework, which combines domains of PHE management with pharmaceutical supply chain functions.
Results
Of 3,965 records identified (3,920 from databases and 45 from grey literature), 23 assessment tools met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen tools were developed in academic or research settings and nine in policy or programmatic grey literature. Instruments focused on PHE preparedness tended to emphasize governance, coordination, and core public health capacities, whereas HSC tools highlighted forecasting, procurement, inventory management, and warehousing. Only a few instruments bridged both perspectives.
Conclusion
This scoping review reveals that no single instrument currently provides a comprehensive assessment of pharmaceutical system readiness across governance, regulatory, and operational dimensions. While existing tools offer situational benchmarking, they often fail to capture functional synergy and pharmaceutical-specific requirements like cold-chain integrity and regulatory constraints. Synthesizing findings through the Flower Framework, this study proposes an integrated model that bridges the gap between static capacity and real-world resilience, emphasizing the need for functional evaluations—such as stress tests and simulations—to more accurately reflect system adaptability during crises.
Journal Article
COVID-19 in Ethiopia: Assessment of How the Ethiopian Government has Executed Administrative Actions and Managed Risk Communications and Community Engagement
Highly communicable nature of the pandemic attributed the COVID-19 response in Ethiopia harsher and dangerous. It has been causing a huge fatality and death toll reported. Besides, a very swift transmission of viruses distributed within 213 countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this empirical study investigates all government and stakeholders' effects in line with identifying the current status found in Ethiopia.
Qualitative approach of data collections and thematic analysis were used.
The outcomes indicate that COVID-19 situations gain the highest momentum by increasing alarmingly. It shows significant differences after two months since March 2020 it has reported the first case in Ethiopia. The government took several measures ranging from public health emergency response to the state of emergency. The communication strategy and state of emergency are in place to reduce the prospective risks of COVID-19. The strategy segmented the population by tailoring activities of risk communication and community engagement at all levels. The government has strongly obtained various measures like lockdown and a state of emergency. However, it was not strict and has not been heavy-handed that much.
KAP's practices are inadequate to fight and minimize the impacts of the pandemic. Such negligence among the public and related factors undermined the preparedness and responses towards COVID-19 in Ethiopia. New cases and deaths are non-stoppable. The government is using several strategies and need to strengthen those efforts to mobilize and upbeat the KAP's of the public through different communication forms to reinforce the existing efforts and alleviate socio-cultural, political, economic factors to drive out COVID-19 among the people. The efforts are building and strengthening up to the standard level of KAP's while enhancing and promoting existing strategies and the drawing of new documents by focusing on high-risk parts of the population.
Journal Article
A comparative assessment of major international disasters: the need for exposure assessment, systematic emergency preparedness, and lifetime health care
Background
The disasters at Seveso, Three Mile Island, Bhopal, Chernobyl, the World Trade Center (WTC) and Fukushima had historic health and economic sequelae for large populations of workers, responders and community members.
Methods
Comparative data from these events were collected to derive indications for future preparedness. Information from the primary sources and a literature review addressed: i) exposure assessment; ii) exposed populations; iii) health surveillance; iv) follow-up and research outputs; v) observed physical and mental health effects; vi) treatment and benefits; and vii) outreach activities.
Results
Exposure assessment was conducted in Seveso, Chernobyl and Fukushima, although none benefited from a timely or systematic strategy, yielding immediate and sequential measurements after the disaster. Identification of exposed subjects was overall underestimated. Health surveillance, treatment and follow-up research were implemented in Seveso, Chernobyl, Fukushima, and at the WTC, mostly focusing on the workers and responders, and to a lesser extent on residents. Exposure-related physical and mental health consequences were identified, indicating the need for a long-term health care of the affected populations. Fukushima has generated the largest scientific output so far, followed by the WTCHP and Chernobyl. Benefits programs and active outreach figured prominently in only the WTC Health Program. The analysis of these programs yielded the following lessons: 1) Know who was there; 2) Have public health input to the disaster response; 3) Collect health and needs data rapidly; 4) Take care of the affected; 5) Emergency preparedness; 6) Data driven, needs assessment, advocacy.
Conclusions
Given the long-lasting health consequences of natural and man-made disasters, health surveillance and treatment programs are critical for management of health conditions, and emergency preparedness plans are needed to prevent or minimize the impact of future threats.
Journal Article