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This study investigates regional ground-motion characteristics in Yunnan Province using 1,065 recordings from 60 small-to-moderate earthquakes (3.0 ≤  M w ≤ 6.0) at 65 stations. A generalized inversion technique (GIT) using empirical reference site was applied to four tectonically distinct subregions (A–D). The inversion results reveal stress drops (Δ σ ) ranging from 0.3 to 7.34 MPa, with the highest averages in Regions C and D (2.21 MPa), followed by Region A (2.07 MPa) and Region B (1.16 MPa). Δ σ shows no clear dependence on moment magnitude ( M w ) or focal depth but correlates with surface heat flow. Reverse-faulting events exhibit a higher average Δ σ than strike-slip and normal-faulting events. Quality factor models for the four study areas (A–D) are 118.41 f 0.691 , 120.26 f 0.638 , 77.20 f 0.598 and 72.19 f 0.861 , respectively. The eastern regions (C and D) exhibit lower Q 0 and stronger S-wave attenuation, along with higher tectonic activity and lower surface heat flow. The predominant frequencies of average site amplification for GMX-A, GMX-B, GMX-C and GMX-D are 20.00 Hz, 10.83 Hz, 3.97 Hz, and 1.92 Hz, with corresponding amplification factors of 2.84, 4.31, 5.45, and 7.69. Finally, the inversion parameters were validated through stochastic finite-fault simulations of the 2009 M S 6.3 Yao’an mainshock.

To identify, summarize, and analyse comments on the core reporting guidelines for protocols of randomized trials (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials [SPIRIT] 2013) and for completed trials (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials [CONSORT] 2010), with special emphasis on suggestions for guideline modifications. We included documents written in English and published after 2010 that explicitly commented on SPIRIT 2013 or CONSORT 2010. We searched four bibliographic databases (Embase and MEDLINE to June 2022; Web of Science and Google Scholar to April 2022) and other sources (e.g., the EQUATOR Network website, the BMC Blog Network, and the BMJ rapid response section). Two authors independently assessed documents for eligibility and extracted data on basic characteristics and the wording of the main comments. We categorized comments as ‘suggestion for modification to the wording of an existing guideline item,’ ‘suggestion for a new item,’ or ‘reflections on challenges or strengths.’ We provided a summary and examples of the proposed suggestions and categorized comments into those that were directly linked to empirical investigations, were continuations of previous methodological discussions, or reflected new methodological developments. We assessed full text of 2,320 potentially eligible documents and included 93 documents with 114 comments. In total, 37 comments suggested modifications to existing guideline items. The participant flow section of CONSORT 2010 received the most comments (eight comments made different suggestions, e.g., one comment suggested to add numbers on nonrandomized screened participants). There were 46 comments suggesting new items. Multiple suggestions were related to trial interventions (eight comments made different suggestions, e.g., one comment suggested to add content on cointerventions), blinding (six comments suggested to add content on risk of unblinding), statistical methods (five comments made different suggestions, e.g., one comment suggested to add content on blinding of statisticians), and participant flow (seven comments made different suggestions, e.g., three comments suggested to add content on missing data). Half (53%) of the suggestions were directly linked to empirical investigations. Six (7%) suggestions were continuations of previous methodological discussions and five (6%) suggestions reflected new methodological developments related to conflicts of interest and funding, data sharing, and patient and public involvement. The issues raised provide context to authors, peer reviewers, editors, and readers of trials using SPIRIT 2013 and CONSORT 2010 and inform the planned updates of the core guidelines.

A key component in seismic hazard assessment is the estimation of ground motion for hard rock sites, either for applications to installations built on this site category, or as an input motion for site response computation. Empirical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) are the traditional basis for estimating ground motion while VS30 is the basis to account for site conditions. As current GMPEs are poorly constrained for VS30 larger than 1000 m/s, the presently used approach for estimating hazard on hard rock sites consists of “host-to-target” adjustment techniques based on VS30 and κ0 values. The present study investigates alternative methods on the basis of a KiK-net dataset corresponding to stiff and rocky sites with 500 < VS30 < 1350 m/s. The existence of sensor pairs (one at the surface and one in depth) and the availability of P- and S-wave velocity profiles allow deriving two “virtual” datasets associated to outcropping hard rock sites with VS in the range [1000, 3000] m/s with two independent corrections: 1/down-hole recordings modified from within motion to outcropping motion with a depth correction factor, 2/surface recordings deconvolved from their specific site response derived through 1D simulation. GMPEs with simple functional forms are then developed, including a VS30 site term. They lead to consistent and robust hard-rock motion estimates, which prove to be significantly lower than host-to-target adjustment predictions. The difference can reach a factor up to 3–4 beyond 5 Hz for very hard-rock, but decreases for decreasing frequency until vanishing below 2 Hz.

Thermodynamic analysis of the empirical data for the solvation of cellulose in aqueous NaOH/urea solution was performed in this study; this was achieved by employing the three-dimensional Reference Interaction Site Model theory coupled with the Kovalenko–Hirata closure approximation. The preferential distributions of Na+, OH−, urea, and water that were in a close proximity to the cellulose molecule, enabled the calculation of the solvation energy and the contribution of each solvent species to the solvation energy. By dividing the solvation energy into the solvent potential energy under the consideration of the solvent–solute interaction and the solvent reorganization energy, cellulose solvation in the NaOH/urea solution was observed to be primarily due to reorganization of the water molecules around the cellulose molecule. The solvated structure was suggested to be composed of cellulose as an inclusion in helical clusters of Na+, OH−, urea, and water, wherein the clusters comprised a repeated arrangement of OH− hydrate, water molecules, urea hydrate, and water molecules. Cellulose is suspected to play the role of a water structure maker in the presence of NaOH and urea, and as a water structure breaker in the absence of NaOH and/or urea. Graphic abstract

Contactless services have become a common way for public libraries to provide services. As a result, the strategy used by public libraries in China will effectively stop the spread of epidemics caused by human touch and will serve as a model for other libraries throughout the world. The primary goal of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the contactless service measures provided by large Chinese public libraries for users in the pandemic era, as well as the challenges and countermeasures for providing such services. The data for this study was obtained using a combination of website investigation, content analysis, and telephone interviews for an analytical survey study of 128 large public libraries in China. The study finds that touch-free information dissemination, remote resources use, no-touch interaction self-services, network services, online reference, and smart services without personal interactions are among the contactless services available in Chinese public libraries. Exploring the current state of contactless services in large public libraries in China will help to fill a need for empirical attention to contactless services in libraries and the public sector. Up-to-date information to assist libraries all over the world in improving their contactless services implementation and practices is provided.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of reference effects on online purchase intention (OPI) of agricultural products in B2C context and to examine how consumers’ food safety consciousness (FSC) moderates that impact. Design/methodology/approach An empirical survey was used to test the hypotheses. Data were collected from a total of 297 online consumers in China. A structural equation modeling is utilized to assess the relationships proposed in the research model. Findings The findings of this study show that reference effects have a significant impact on OPI of agricultural products. Both perceived value (PV) and perceived risk (PR) play a mediating role in the relations between reference effects and OPI, but the mediating effect of the PV is found to be significantly greater than that of the PR. Consumers’ FSC significantly and positively moderates the impact of reference effects on OPI, meaning that the more attention consumers pay to food safety, the greater the impact of reference effects on OPI will become. Research limitations/implications First, this study mainly analyzes the positive impact of reference effects on OPI. Future research could discuss the negative impact of reference effects and compare the differences between them. Second, this study only takes the PV and PR as mediators into the research model. Future research could consider adding trust, attitude, and other variables and further explore and clarify the influencing mechanism between reference effects and OPI. Third, this study examines the moderating role of consumers’ FSC but does not fully discuss the moderating role of product categories. Further research could compare the influence of reference effects among multiple product categories. Practical implications This study provides valuable insights for agricultural enterprises and online vendors that reference effects are one of the most important factors to influence OPI. It suggests to agricultural enterprises and online vendors that reference effects can be used as a new instrument to influence consumers’ online purchase decisions. Originality/value This study for the first time defines reference effects in an online setting and introduces the perspective of reference effects to establish a theoretical model to explain consumers’ OPI of agricultural products. The study reveals the influencing mechanism of reference effects on OPI and thus enriches the theory of online purchase behavior.