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In 1900, for every 1,000 babies born in the United States, 100 would die before their first birthday, often due to infectious diseases. Today, vaccines exist for many viral and bacterial diseases. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, passed in 1986, was intended to bolster vaccine research and development through the federal coordination of vaccine initiatives and to provide relief to vaccine manufacturers facing financial burdens. The legislation also intended to address concerns about the safety of vaccines by instituting a compensation program, setting up a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, and by providing information to consumers. A key component of the legislation required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to collaborate with the Institute of Medicine to assess concerns about the safety of vaccines and potential adverse events, especially in children. Adverse Effects of Vaccines reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated with specific vaccines covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), including the varicella zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the human papillomavirus vaccine, among others. For each possible adverse event, the report reviews peer-reviewed primary studies, summarizes their findings, and evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence. It finds that while no vaccine is 100 percent safe, very few adverse events are shown to be caused by vaccines. In addition, the evidence shows that vaccines do not cause several conditions. For example, the MMR vaccine is not associated with autism or childhood diabetes. Also, the DTaP vaccine is not associated with diabetes and the influenza vaccine given as a shot does not exacerbate asthma. Adverse Effects of Vaccines will be of special interest to the National Vaccine Program Office, the VICP, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccine safety researchers and manufacturers, parents, caregivers, and health professionals in the private and public sectors.

Event hosting legacies, the ability of host cities to capitalise upon mega-event hosting and utilise the acquired skills, knowledge and networks to secure an ongoing track record of event hosting, is a form of social legacy that has received limited dedicated study to date. The literature hints at the realisation of such legacies but this evidence base is patchy and the factors influencing legacy generation are largely unknown. This study seeks to address this gap by retrospectively applying a set of event hosting legacy indicators recently developed by Lockstone-Binney et al. (2023) to investigate the event hosting legacies of Olympic Summer Games and Olympic Winter Games Host Cities over the period 1988-2000. The cross-case analysis revealed that event hosting legacies were not homogenous across host cities with some having strong (Calgary, Seoul, Barcelona, Sydney), moderate (Albertville, Lillehammer, Atlanta) and limited (Nagano) evidence to support an event hosting legacy. The cross-case analysis revealed that a hosting legacy was influenced by structural and enabling contextual factors, which determine the extent to which legacy can be realised relative to opportunity.

For over twenty years, tourism researchers have examined how to determine whether destination communities are being empowered through tourism: there is much we can learn through analysis of that work. We outline and critique the most commonly used empowerment framework in this field as was first published by Scheyvens in 1999, which has four dimensions (psychological, social, economic and political) but which has been adapted and extended in a variety of ways. We also consider two other frameworks, and the application of a revised model in the South African context, before proposing that the Scheyvens framework would be strengthened through the addition of environmental and cultural dimensions. We draw theoretical inspiration from nested circle approaches to sustainable development to embed the dimensions of community empowerment within a series of ‘enabling factors’ that might support possibilities for community empowerment to occur, and, in turn, the empowerment dimensions and enabling factors are situated within a wider circle of the natural environment. We have structured this all into a new Empowerment and Sustainable Development Framework.

To address concerns about the negative impacts of food supply chains in forest regions, a growing number of companies have adopted policies to influence their suppliers' behaviors. With a focus on forest-risk food supply chains, we provide a systematic review of the conservation and livelihood outcomes of the mechanisms that companies use to implement their forest-focused supply chain policies (FSPs)-certifications, codes of conduct, and market exclusion mechanisms. More than half of the 37 cases that rigorously measure the outcomes of FSP implementation mechanisms find additional conservation and livelihood benefits resulting from the policies. Positive livelihood outcomes are more common than conservation additionality and most often pertain to improvements in farm income through increases in crop yields on coffee and cocoa farms that have adopted certifications or codes of conduct. However, in some cases certifications lead to a reduction in net household income as farmers increasingly specialize in the certified commodity and spend more on food purchases. Among the five cases that examine conservation and livelihoods simultaneously, there is no evidence of tradeoffs or synergies-most often an improvement in one type of outcome is associated with no change in the other. Interactions with public conservation and agricultural policies influence the conservation gains achieved by all mechanisms, while the marketing attributes of cooperatives and buying companies play a large role in determining the livelihood outcomes associated with certification. Compliance with the forest requirements of FSP implementation mechanisms is high, but challenges to geospatial monitoring and land use related selection biases limit the overall benefits of these policies. Given the highly variable methods and limited evidence base, additional rigorous research across a greater variety of contexts is urgently needed to better understand if and when FSPs can be successful in achieving synergies between conservation and livelihoods.

Purpose This study aims to deepen knowledge of consumers’ attitudes towards circular economy products by focusing on the enabling factors that influence their behaviours. The success of the closed-loop economy depends not only on innovation but also on the active participation of the consumer. In these models, the authors witness the transition from the centrality of production to the centrality of use. This paper investigates Italian consumers’ tendency to purchase second-hand products in the clothing sector, one of the most polluting industrial sectors, focusing on the enabling factors that influence their behaviours, the reasons for their purchases and the existence of differences between market segments. Design/methodology/approach To accomplish this aim, a two-step investigation was carried out: a literature review and a quantitative analysis through a snowball survey involving 963 individuals, noting that non-random sampling restricts the validity of the findings within the considered sub-set of the Italian population. Statistical analyses were performed using the R 4.1.2 software environment along with Rstudio IDE v.1.4.1106 and the packages FactoMineR for cluster analysis and vcd for mosaic plots. Findings Environmental knowledge/awareness and solidarity values have a significant positive effect on consumers’ attitudes and purchasing behaviour towards circular products within the selected sample. A strong statistically significant association (p-value ≪ 0.01) is confirmed between those who consciously purchase sustainable clothing and those who are members/supporters of environmental associations, know sustainable brands and the advantages of the circular economy. Significant relations also emerged in reference to gender and age. In detail, the purchasing of sustainable clothing was found to be positively associated with females and generation Y respondents. Theoretical, institutional and managerial implications stem from the experimental findings of this study. Originality/value This study investigates the point of view of demand. From this perspective, this paper proposes a consumer engagement paradigm that highlights the motivations and enabling factors prompting participation in circular economy processes and affecting purchasing practices and attitudes towards second-hand clothing products with regard to Italian consumers.

This study aims to identify and analyze the enabling factors and strategies for the structuring and diffusion of a circular business model. Circular model structuring involves several actors, challenges, and barriers. In this context, the present study allows discussion of the business structure in line with the principles of circularity and can contribute by mapping the factors and strategies to be worked for business development in the circular context, providing an overview and guidance for academics, businesspeople, and professionals. Through a case study method, the research allowed identification of the factors and an in-depth understanding of the strategies and drivers of circular business models; from the empirical research, it will be possible to identify opportunities that align with what is already known, but also what may be specific to the context of emerging countries to enable the circular model.

PurposeThis article aims to evaluate total quality management (TQM)-enabling factors' impact on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and business performance through evidence from Vietnamese coffee firms.Design/methodology/approachBased on collecting data via in-depth face-to-face interviews with employees, who are working in the Vietnamese coffee companies. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach has been employed to investigate the relationship among the TQM-enabling factors, corporate social performance (CSP) and business performance.FindingsA total of 13 TQM-enabling factors have been identified and divided into two categories, namely human and functional. The statistical results revealed a positive signal to remarkably enhance CSP and business performance by adopting those TQM-enabling factors into Vietnamese coffee firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe framework model of this research should be evaluated in different contexts worldwide or in another sector that can further identify the TQM-enabling factor and the correlation among these constructs.Practical implicationsThis article provides top managers of Vietnamese coffee firms with knowledge of TQM-enabling factors that may enable them to meet superior performance, including CSP, finance and reputation.Originality/valueThis is a unique study to employ the approach into the Vietnamese coffee industry context up-to-date, which is one of the essential sectors affecting Vietnam's sustainable development.

Abstract Background: There is increasing pressure on organizations to undergo digital transformation. The literature provides substantial but unconsolidated knowledge of relevant factors that enable organizations to fully utilize the potential of digital technology transformations. This work revises, expands, and updates a previously published framework of factors that enable digital organizational transformation structured along traditional strategic, tactical, operational, and normative management perspectives. Method: Following a design science approach, this paper developed a framework in two steps. The starting point was an initial iteration of the framework developed from a structured literature review; that version of the framework was evaluated based on the results of qualitative interviews that were conducted with experts. A revised framework was generated to take advantage of a more recent literature review; the input of focus groups and qualitative interviews; and a second full design cycle was executed. The revised framework is presented in this paper. Results: The revised framework structures nine relevant factors along the traditional management perspectives of strategic, tactical, operational, and normative management, and it integrates feedback from the scientific community and experts from practice. Conclusions: The developed framework enables a structured overview of factors relevant for commencing digital transformation initiatives. This clear structure, as well as its close links to traditional operational, tactical, strategic, and normative aspects of management, can support practitioners in preparing their organizations for digital transformation.

Background Rapid tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics are essential for TB control. Factors influencing the uptake of these technologies in Africa are not well-documented for all technologies and are completely undocumented for some countries. We conducted a survey to collect the status and document Predisposing, Enabling, and Need (PEN) factors influencing uptake so that we understand the associated barriers and inform interventions to improve the uptake. Methods We designed, piloted, and distributed a survey questionnaire in January 2023 to the National TB Programme (NTP) and National TB Reference Laboratory (NTRL) managers as well as key partners of the Ministry of Health in the 47 Member States of the World Health Organization African Region (WHO/AFR). Responses were accepted until July 2023. We performed quantitative data analysis using STATA version 14.0. Results From the 47 eligible countries, 22 responses (47%) were received from the NTRL managers, 17 (36%) from Technical Assistants (TAs) for NTRL and NTP, and 8 (17%) from the NTP managers. Our findings showed that it took between two to nine years from the endorsement of a new technology to its full implementation, with the duration increasing with the complexity of the test. Laboratory preparedness, staff competence, and policy reform were the main predisposing factors; availability of funds was the primary enabling factor, whereas the emergence of MDR-TB was the key need factor. Good governance and political commitment aligned with the existence of the Directorate of Laboratory Services and the NTRL, were crucial facilitators driving the adoption, adaptation, and implementation. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the uptake of TB diagnostics in Africa is slow. Considering the laboratory preparedness, staff competence, policy reform, availability of funds, and the emergence of MDR-TB as the main PEN factors identified could help speed up the uptake and rapid implementation of any new technology.

Relative to White women, African American/Black women are at an increased risk of breast cancer mortality. Early detection of breast cancer through mammography screening can mitigate mortality risks; however, screening rates are not ideal. Consequently, there is a need to better understand factors associated with adherence to breast cancer screening guidelines to inform interventions to increase mammography use, particularly for groups at elevated mortality risk. This study used the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use to examine factors associated with adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network breast cancer screening guidelines amongst 919 African American, church-going women from Houston, Texas. Logistic regression analyses measured associations between breast cancer screening adherence over the preceding 12 months (adherent or non-adherent) and predisposing (i.e., age, education, and partner status), enabling (i.e., health insurance status, annual household income, employment status, patient-provider communication, and social support), and need (i.e., personal diagnosis of cancer, family history of cancer, and risk perception) factors, separately and conjointly. Older age (predisposing: OR = 1.015 (1.007–1.023)), having health insurance and ideal patient–provider communication (enabling: OR = 2.388 (1.597–3.570) and OR = 1.485 (1.080–2.041)), and having a personal diagnosis of cancer (need: OR = 2.244 (1.058–4.758)) were each associated with greater odds of screening adherence. Only having health insurance and ideal patient-provider communication remained significantly associated with screening adherence in a conjoint model; cancer survivorship did not moderate associations between predisposing/enabling factors and screening adherence. Overall, results suggest that interventions which are designed to improve mammography screening rates amongst African American women might focus on broadening health insurance coverage and working to improve patient–provider communication. Implications for multi-level intervention approaches, including the role of churches in their dissemination, are proposed.