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Little dreams in glass and metal : enameling in America 1920 to the present
\"With one hundred and twenty-two works, ranging in date from 1920 to the present, made by more than ninety artists, Little Dreams reflects the diversity of modern and contemporary enameling in the United States. It also represents the wide variety of forms of formats artists have chosen to explore using this highly versatile medium. More than half the artists included in Little Dreams are women; at least twenty-eight studied or taught in Cleveland; fourteen were born abroad and came to this country in the 1930s to escape Nazi persecution and the impending war in Europe; many studied under the GI Bill after serving in the armed forces during World War II. While sixteen were based in California, others lived in disparate regions of the country from New England to the Pacific Northwest; many were accomplished in other media but chose enameling as their preferred vehicle; eight couples worked collaboratively; and many used enamel as but one tool in their multi-media compositions. The artists' themes are similarly diverse, ranging from traditional still lifes, genre scenes, and religious subjects to abstractions and powerfully evocative explorations of nature, culture, and memory. This impressive array of makers and their equally wide-ranging subjects reflect the dynamic state of enameling in this country in the last half of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first\"-- Foreword.
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Species-specific enamel differences in hardness and abrasion resistance between the permanent incisors of cattle
Hypselodont (ever-growing) teeth of lagomorphs or rodents have higher wear rates (of a magnitude of mm/week), with compensating growth rates, compared to the non-ever-growing teeth of ungulates (with a magnitude of mm/year). Whether this is due to a fundamental difference in enamel hardness has not been investigated so far. We prepared enamel samples (n = 120 per species) from incisors of cattle (Bos primigenius taurus) and nutria (Myocastor coypus, hypselodont incisors) taken at slaughterhouses, and submitted them to indentation hardness testing. Subsequently, samples were split into 4 groups per species (n = 24 per species and group) that were assessed for abrasion susceptibility by a standardized brush test with a control (no added abrasives) and three treatment groups (using fine silt at 4 ±1 [mu]m particle size, volcanic ash at 96 ±9 [mu]m, or fine sand at 166 ±15 [mu]m as abrasives), in which enamel abrasion was quantified as height loss by before-and-after profilometry. The difference in enamel hardness between the species was highly significant, with nutria enamel achieving 78% of the hardness of cattle enamel. In the control and the fine sand group, no enamel height loss was evident, which was attributed to the in vitro system in the latter group, where the sand particles were brushed out of the test slurry by the brushes' bristles. For fine silt and volcanic ash, nutria enamel significantly lost 3.65 and 3.52 times more height than cattle. These results suggest a relationship between enamel hardness and susceptibility to abrasion. However, neither the pattern within the species nor across the species indicated a monotonous relationship between hardness and height loss; rather, the difference was due to qualitative step related to species. Hence, additional factors not measured in this study must be responsible for the differences in the enamel's susceptibility to abrasion. While the in vitro brush system cannot be used to rank abrasive test substances in terms of their abrasiveness, it can differentiate abrasion susceptibility in dental tissue of different animal species. The results caution against considering enamel wear as a similar process across mammals.
Journal Article
Effect of eggshell powder and nano-hydroxyapatite on the surface roughness and microhardness of bleached enamel
Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the remineralizing potential of prepared solutions of eggshell powder (ESP) and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) on the surface roughness and microhardness of bleached enamel. Materials and Methods: Fifty bovine anterior teeth were selected and cleaned then bleached using a chemically activated in-office bleaching agent then the teeth were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 10) according to the tested remineralizing agents (10% ESP solution, 10% nHA solution, and MI Paste Plus) into; control, bleached, bleached + ESP solution, bleached + nHA solution, and bleached + MI Paste Plus groups. Then, the teeth were tested for surface roughness and microhardness of the bleached enamel, respectively. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the surface roughness and microhardness values of the tested groups. The highest surface roughness mean value was found in bleached enamel group, while the least mean value was found in the control group. The highest mean microhardness value was found in the bleached enamel + ESP solution group, while the least mean value was found in the bleached enamel group. Conclusions: The application of the tested remineralizing agents following the bleaching procedure had improved the surface roughness and microhardness of the bleached enamel. ESP and nHA present promising and potent remineralizing agents.
Journal Article
Comparative evaluation of grape seed and cranberry extracts in preventing enamel erosion: An optical emission spectrometric analysis
Introduction: Dental erosion is defined as the loss of tooth structure due to chemical process that does not involve bacteria. The management of such a condition calls for a comprehensive approach to identifying the cause and treating it. Aim: The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the role of grape seed extract (GSE) and cranberry extract (CE) in preventing dental erosion using optical emission spectrometry. Materials and Methods: Prepared enamel specimens were subjected to the erosive challenge using HCl for 10 s, followed by immersion in experimental natural groups and control fluoride group for 30 s and artificial saliva for 60 min. This cycle was repeated three times. The amounts of calcium and phosphorous present in the acid solution after 1st, 2nd, and 3rderosive challenges were determined for each group using induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Results: The cumulative calcium and phosphorous release after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rderosive challenges were found to be the least in SnF2 group, followed by GSE group and then in CE group. Conclusion: The protective of GSE and CE was inferior to the gold standard control group of stannous fluoride role, against enamel erosion. GSE showed better remineralizing effect; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups.
Journal Article
91 Evaluation of occupational exposure to metallic pigments and the health status of workers in the ceramics industry
ObjectiveTo assess qualitatively and quantitatively the exposure to metallic pigments in the ceramics industry and to evaluate the impact of metal exposure on the health of workers.Materials and MethodsDescriptive cross-sectional survey, conducted in 2010 with 200 employees from a ceramics company, involving a qualitative and quantitative environmental study of metallic pigments and a medical study assessing respiratory, skin, and neuropsychic effects.ResultsA total of 200 workers participated, with a mean age of 40.46±9.38 years, a sex ratio of 5 and a mean professional seniority of 15.64±11.88 years. The most common job positions were enameling and screen printing (20%), kiln operation (15%), and sorting and packaging (13,5%). Only 14% of the population were directly exposed to metallic pigments, and 21.5% had indirect exposure. Working conditions were very unsatisfactory: collective and individual protective means were absent, and general hygiene rules were not respected. Quantitative evaluation involved measuring respirable dust at two positions: P1 (screen printing paste preparation) with 2.37 mg/m³ and P2 (craft workshop) with 3.15 mg/m³, using a precision balance and thois atmospheric metrology of metallic elements (cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, lead, aluminum) in pigment-exposed positions revealed concentrations below recommended limits. ENT and respiratory manifestations were reported in 30.5% of employees, particularly allergic rhinitis (72.13%). The study of the frequency of these manifestations according to the levels of pigment exposure revealed that the higher the risk, the more frequent these manifestations. Additionally, 11.26% of exposed employees report skin manifestations, including 2 cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Furthermore, 8.22% of employees report fertility disorders, including 2 cases of oligospermia. Finally, neuropsychic manifestations were noted in 52% of the studied population.ConclusionsDespite safe atmospheric levels, co-exposure to metallic pigments in ceramics appears to harm workers' health, highlighting the need for preventive measures in this sector.
Journal Article
Molar incisor hypomineralization and its prevalence
Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is the hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars, frequently associated with affected incisors. It is presented as demarcated enamel opacities of different colors, occasionally undergoing posteruptive breakdown. The characteristic feature of MIH is the clear demarcation between the affected and sound enamel. There is asymmetry of defects present in the molars and incisors where one molar or incisor can be severely affected, while the contralateral tooth may be clinically sound or have only minor defects. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate schoolchildren of 7-12 years of age with at least one of the first permanent molars fully or partially erupted from randomly selected government and private schools in Chennai using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria for MIH, to determine the prevalence and characteristics of MIH. Materials and Methods: The dental examinations were performed in the classroom using a mouth mirror and explorer under a headlight. Teeth were wiped with gauze when necessary to remove plaque or the food accumulations. Surfaces that were examined were the buccal, lingual, palatal, and occlusal surfaces of permanent first molars and labial surfaces of upper and lower incisors. A single examiner was involved to avoid interexaminer bias. All the data were collected and scored using the EAPD criteria for MIH. Results: A total of 22 (12.9%) children out of the examined 170 had MIH. Conclusion: Distribution of MIH was more in males, more in 9 years of age. A total of 13 children had first molars affected and 9 children had both incisors and molars affected. Molars were affected more than the incisors. Mandible was affected more in comparison with the maxilla. Right side was affected more than the left side. The distribution of MIH was more in government schools compared to private schools.
Journal Article