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When resources are limited and defensible, inter-group encounters in animals are often of aggressive nature. Individuals can participate in inter-group encounters to defend mates, infants, and food resources, but also to attract out-group individuals for additional mating opportunities. Since inter-group conflicts have mainly been studied in group-living species, we examined the mate, infant, and food resource defense and mate attraction hypotheses in pair-living Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. To this end, we investigated factors influencing male and female participation and outcome of encounters (i.e., win vs. lose). We observed 234 complete encounters between three habituated and five unhabituated gibbon groups over 43 months, of which 72% were aggressive. Males were the main participants and they were more likely to participate when cycling females or dependent infants were present, supporting the mate and infant defense hypotheses. Males were also more likely to participate when more fruits were available, contradicting the food resource defense hypothesis. Females participated by singing more often when they were cycling and when there were singing opponents, suggesting an advertisement function of their reproductive status through songs. The probability of winning an inter-group encounter was only higher when cycling females were present, supporting the mate defense hypothesis. The intensity of space use or aggression level had no effect on the outcome of inter-group encounters. Our results highlight that mate and infant defense are crucial for male Javan gibbons, especially in view of their pair-living system, long interbirth intervals, and slow infant development.

There were many debates and concepts of how to educate about the Holocaust. Scholars bring different perspectives and the experiential Holocaust education has been a prominent one for decades. Between opportunities and threats of Holocaust education, there are also concepts of psychoeducation, storytelling education and human rights education. Their review leads me to the conclusion of the need to design such workshops, meetings and dialogues, which can be deep and meaningful encounters, and at the same time psychologically safe. This review may be a good starting point for designing not only new forms of Holocaust education but also educational experiences connected to other difficult conflict transformations and to educational movements focused on deep emotional exchange and reconciliation.

This article analyses how the circulation of ideas and hybrid rituals between Shia Muslims and Christians reveals a much more intentional political process whereby minority religious groups consciously create shared experiences and a sense of commonality in the face of political marginalization in northern Nigeria. One example is the Shia invention of Jesus’s Mawlid (Jesus’s birthday), which they perform in a different way from the conventional Christmas but that is attended by some Christians. Also, some Christians participate in the annual celebration of Mawlid al-Nabiy (the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday), organized by Shias. Despite the adherents of the two religions participating in mixed religious practices, they continue to see themselves separately as Muslims and Christians. Reactions to these hybrid rituals impact relationships among the mainline Sunni groups. Sufis (Tijanis and Qadiris), who were previously united in the face of the anti-Sufi reform movement (Izala), now diverge over how to respond to Shia Islam. While they disagree with Shias intellectually, not everyone supports the attacks against Shias by Salafi activists. These dynamics add to the understanding that the concept of ‘tolerance’ is not sophisticated enough to capture all forms of religious coexistence in Nigeria.

Make DEI Training Foundational in Your OrganizationWhen done well, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) training creates space for courageous conversations that acknowledge hard truths around systemic inequities and explores topics that touch on people’s vulnerabilities in all facets of their lives. For those of you who do this work, there has not been a clear path to follow for making progress. As a DEI trainer, you have forged your own way and learned as you went. With Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for Trainers: Fostering DEI in the Workplace, the need for DEI trainers to go at it alone comes to an end. Expert facilitator Maria Morukian provides the guidance you need to develop the knowledge and skills required for DEI training. Morukian covers the historical underpinnings and rationale for DEI work; takes you through the process of organizational assessment, design, and delivery; and offers strategies for embedding DEI and promoting sustainability through collaborative practices and dialogues, allowing you to develop and understand your own identity lenses and biases. Reflection questions and worksheets are included in every chapter.

The physiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying life‐history trade‐offs are a continued source of debate. Testosterone (T) is one physiological factor proposed to mediate the trade‐off between reproduction and survival. We use phenotypic engineering and multiple laboratory and field fitness‐related phenotypic traits to test the effects of elevated T between two bank voleMyodes glareolusgroups: dominant and subordinate males. Males with naturally high T levels showed higher social status (laboratory dominance) and mobility (distance between capture sites) than low‐T males, and the effect of T on immune response was also T group specific, suggesting that behavioral strategies may exist in male bank voles due to the correlated responses of T. Exogenous T enhanced social status, mate searching (polygon of capture sites), mobility, and reproductive success (relative measure of pups sired). However, exogenous T also resulted in the reduction of immune function, but only in males from the high‐T group. This result may be explained either by the immunosuppression costs of T or by differential sensitivity of different behavioral strategies to steroids. Circulating T levels were found to be heritable; therefore, female bank voles would derive indirect genetic benefits via good genes from mating with males signaling dominance.

In many butterfly species, males compete over areas advantageous for encountering females. Rules for contest settlement are, however, largely unknown and neither morphological nor physiological traits can reliably predict the contest outcome. Here, we test the hypothesis that contests are settled in accordance with a motivation asymmetry. We staged contests between males of Pararge aegeria and after removing the resident, the non-resident was allowed (i) either to interact with a non-receptive female for 30 min (n = 30) or (ii) to spend 30 min alone in the cage (n = 30), after which the initial resident was reintroduced. The results show that males that had interacted with a female had a higher probability of becoming dominant and reversing contest outcome. Moreover, males that were faster to take over a vacant territory when the resident was removed were more likely to become dominant. Here, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that frequent encounters with a mated female can increase male motivation to persist in a territorial contest in a butterfly. Further, we suggest that variation in intrinsic motivation reflects male eagerness to take over vacant territory. This study indicates that variation in resource value and motivational asymmetries are important for settling contests in butterflies.

Evolutionary processes can interact with the mechanisms of steroid hormone action to drive interspecific variation in behavioural output, yet the exact nature of these interactions is poorly understood. To investigate this issue, we compare the endocrine machinery underlying the winner effect (an ability to increase winning behaviour in response to past victories) in two closely related species of Peromyscus mice. Typically, after winning a fight, California mice (Peromyscus californicus) experience a testosterone (T) surge that helps enhance their future winning behaviour, whereas white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) experience neither a T surge nor a change in subsequent winning behaviour. However, our results indicate that when the post-victory T response of male white-footed mice is phenotypically engineered to resemble that of California mice, individuals are capable of developing a strong and lasting winner effect. Moreover, this ‘induced’ winner effect in white-footed mice qualitatively matches the winner effect that develops naturally in California mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that white-footed mice have the physiological machinery necessary to form a robust winner effect comparable to that formed by California mice, but are unable to endogenously activate this machinery after achieving winning experiences. We speculate that evolutionary processes, like selection, operate on the physiological substrates that govern post-victory T release to guide divergence in the winner effect between these two species.

Coding competencies from behavioral-event interviews according to the principles of a new approach to assessment (McClelland, 1973) produces assessments that are reliable and validly associated with success as an executive. These assessments are not influenced by length of protocol or by performance in the preceding year. Bias is not a problem if both the interviewer and the coder are blind to executive success. In contrast to a traditional psychometric approach based on regression analysis, an algorithm based on competency scores predicted managerial success and improved performance across a number of samples. This algorithm identified potential outstanding performers as individuals whose scores reached designated tipping points within clusters of substitutable competencies. Experts' judgments of competencies needed or shown by executives in various positions agreed only moderately with competencies shown to be important by the data from behavioral-event interviews.

A rank changeover is a sexual strategy by primate males to gain access to reproductive females. We observed one such event in the Nicobar long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosus) at the Great Nicobar Island, India. In the three and half months of the post-rank changeover period, the home range reduced significantly while there was no change in the intensity of range use and day range length. The sleeping sites in the post-rank changeover period were confined to the centre of the home range. The overall mating rate and aggressive mating approach by males increased significantly during the post-rank changeover period. The females developed sexual swelling and started soliciting the immigrated males within two weeks after the rank changeover event. During this period no female conceived, which suggests that they used situation-dependent receptivity with deceptive swelling as a counter strategy to avoid male aggression for copulation.