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"Endophytic fungus"
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Endophytic Fungi: From Symbiosis to Secondary Metabolite Communications or Vice Versa?
Endophytic fungi (EF) are a group of fascinating host-associated fungal communities that colonize the intercellular or intracellular spaces of host tissues, providing beneficial effects to their hosts while gaining advantages. In recent decades, accumulated research on endophytic fungi has revealed their biodiversity, wide-ranging ecological distribution, and multidimensional interactions with host plants and other microbiomes in the symbiotic continuum. In this review, we highlight the role of secondary metabolites (SMs) as effectors in these multidimensional interactions, and the biosynthesis of SMs in symbiosis via complex gene expression regulation mechanisms in the symbiotic continuum and via the mimicry or alteration of phytochemical production in host plants. Alternative biological applications of SMs in modern medicine, agriculture, and industry and their major classes are also discussed. This review recapitulates an introduction to the research background, progress, and prospects of endophytic biology, and discusses problems and substantive challenges that need further study.
Journal Article
Piriformospora indica: a root endophytic fungus and its roles in plants
Piriformospora indica is a discovered endophytic fungus colonizing in roots of plants in 1998. The fungus can form the mycelium, mycelial roll, and pear-shaped spores in intercellular and intracellular regions of roots. The fungus colonizes various host plants and also realizes the pure culture in vitro without roots of host plants. P. indica shows many positive effects on host plants, including the promotion of plant growth, the enhancement of nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance, the improvement of disease resistance, and the promoted accumulation of bioactive substances. The commercial production of the fungal spores is established in bioreactor with nanostructured materials “zinc oxide” as nano embedded fungus, which provides provides changes into confers. The review simply summarized the biological characteristics of P. indica, physiological roles in plants, and potential utilization as a biofertilizer.
Journal Article
Growth Stimulation, Phosphate Resolution, and Resistance to Fungal Pathogens of Some Endogenous Fungal Strains in the Rhizospheres of Medicinal Plants in Vietnam
Endophytic fungi are recognized for their many potential applications in agriculture, such as supporting cropland expansion and increasing the yield and resistance of plants by creating antibiotics that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, they can produce enzymes that break down hard-to-solubilize substances within soil, dissolve phosphates, fix nitrogen, reduce metals, and produce hormones that promote plant growth (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins) to keep crops healthy. In this report, three strains of endophytic fungi, namely, N1, N2, and N3, were isolated from the roots of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Hemsl., Polyscias fruticosa, and Angelica dahurica in some localities in Vietnam. Through a screening process, it was found that they can produce high levels of indole acetic acid (IAA), resolve phosphates, and resist disease, and they were selected to as an alternative to chemical fertilizers to make probiotics in order to increase medicinal plant yields. The results show that the three strains of fungi have the ability to degrade phosphate to 341.90, 1498.46, and 390.79 ppm; the content of IAA produced in the culture medium reached 49.00, 52.35, and 33.34 ppm. Based on some morphological characteristics and an internal transcribed spacer gene sequence analysis of the fungal strains, N1, N2, and N3 were named Penicillium simplicissimum CN7, Talaromyces flavus BC1, and Trichoderma konilangbra DL3, respectively, which have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungal strains, such as fungus C. gloeosporioides (CD1), fungus F. oxysporum, fungus L. theobromae N13, and N. dimidiatum. They grow significantly over a period of 5 to 6 days.
Journal Article
Isolation, screening, and molecular identification of endopytic fungus producing cellulose and cyanide degrading enzyme its application for waste cassava
Objective: This research aims to isolate, screen, and identify some candidates for endophytic fungus-producing cellulase and cyanidase. Materials and Methods: Fungi were isolated from cassava leaves that had undergone surface sterilization. The fungal isolates were qualitatively tested for their ability to produce cellulase and cyanidase enzymes by adding carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and KCN to the media. Enzyme production was indicated by the formation of clear zones around the growing colonies. Isolates that tested positive for cellulase and cyanidase production underwent further quantitative screening to measure enzyme activity using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 540 nm and 400 nm, respectively. The isolates showing the highest cellulase and cyanidase activity were identified through 18S rRNA analysis using the Sanger DNA sequencing method. Results: The research obtained six pure isolates of endophytic fungus, namely Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four isolates had the ability to degrade CMC with a clear zone between 0.1 until 0.5 mm, and three isolates had the ability for KCN degrade. The highest activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes was produced by isolate Y2. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F. Conclusion: Six isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained, Y1; Y2; Y3; Y4; Y5; and Y6. Four iso¬late the ability of to degrade CMC and three isolate the ability for KCN degrade. Isolate Y2 is the isolate with the best activity for cellulase and cyanidase degrading enzymes, namely 2.99 U/ml and 2.19 U/ml. After molecular identification using 18S rRNA, isolate Y2 had 98.82% similarity to Phomopsis sp. 32PG/F.
Journal Article
Endophytic Fungi Volatile Organic Compounds as Crucial Biocontrol Agents Used for Controlling Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Diseases
Fruits and vegetables are an important part of the human diet, but during transportation and storage, microbial pathogens attack and spoil fruits and vegetables, causing huge economic losses to agriculture. Traditionally used chemical fungicides leave chemical residues, leading to environmental pollution and health risks. With the emphasis on food safety, biocontrol agents are attracting more and more attention due to their environmental friendliness. Endophytic fungi are present in plant tissues and do not cause host disease. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) they produce are used to control postharvest diseases due to their significant antifungal activity, as well as their volatility, safety and environmental protection characteristics. This review provides the concept and characterization of endophytic fungal VOCs, concludes the types of endophytic fungi that release antifungal VOCs and their biological control mechanisms, as well as focuses on the practical applications and the challenges of applying VOCs as fumigants. Endophytic fungal VOCs can be used as emerging biocontrol resources to control postharvest diseases that affect fruits and vegetables.
Journal Article
Antibacterial potential of endophytic fungi of the Amazon medicinal plant mulateiro Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum
Calycophyllum spruceanum, known as mulateiro, is an Amazonian medicinal plant traditionally used to treat skin infections, scars, and gastrointestinal and uterine conditions. Some of its therapeutic properties are attributed to bioactive compounds produced in association with endophytic fungi. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from C. spruceanum. Leaves and stems underwent surface sterilization and were cultured on four types of media: PDA, PDA supplemented with plant extract, SDA, and SDA supplemented with plant extract, incubated at 18 °C and 28 °C. The isolated fungi were classified into morphospecies using classical taxonomy. Crude extracts of fungal metabolites were tested for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through the disk diffusion assay. In total, 650 fungal isolates were obtained, 486 filamentous fungi and 164 yeasts, grouped into 248 morphospecies. The most frequently isolated genus was Phomopsis (30.9%), followed by Colletotrichum (16.7%) and Guignardia (5.1%). A higher number of fungi were recovered from leaves (60.3%) compared to stems (39.7%). Among the isolates, 23 demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and one isolate exhibited inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, both Gram-negative bacteria of clinical relevance. This is the first report describing the endophytic fungal community associated with C. spruceanum, highlighting its potential as a source of novel antibacterial compounds, particularly effective against Gram-negative pathogens. These findings contribute to the bioprospecting of Amazonian biodiversity and open perspectives for the development of natural products with pharmaceutical applications.
Journal Article
Beneficial effects of endophytic fungi inoculation on tanshinones and phenolic compounds of Salvia abrotanoides
is considered as a new source of tanshinone-producing plants in Iran. Symbiosis of endophytic fungi with their host plants is an effective tool to promote the growth and secondary metabolism of medicinal herbs. Therefore, using endophytic fungi as a biotic elicitor is a proper solution to increase the yield of plant products.
In this study, some endophytic fungi were first isolated from the root of
, then two of them (
and
sp.) were co-cultivated with the sterile seedling of
in pot culture. After proving the colonization of these fungi in the root tissues by microscopic studies, their effects on the production of critical medicinal compounds such as tanshinones and phenolic acids were investigated in the vegetation stage (120 days).
Our results showed that the content of cryptotanshinone (Cry) and tanshinone IIA (T-IIA) in plants inoculated with
increased by 77.00% and 19.64%, respectively, compared with non-inoculated plants (control). The contents of mentioned compounds in plants inoculated with
sp
increased by 50.00% and 23.00%, respectively. In this case, in plants inoculated with
, it was found that the level of caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and its PAL enzyme activity increased by 64.00%, 69.00%, and 50.00%, respectively, compared with the control.
Endophytic fungi have specific modes of action and the ability to provide multiple benefits. Each of the two strains is a highly considerable microbial resource for the growth and accumulation of active compounds of
Journal Article
fungus among us: broad patterns of endophyte distribution in the grasses
Plant-associated microbes have been increasingly recognized for influencing host populations, plant communities, and even herbivores and predators. Thus, understanding factors that affect the distribution and abundance of microbial symbioses may be important for predicting the ecological dynamics of communities. Using endophytic fungi-grass symbioses, we explored how intrinsic traits of the symbiosis, specifically transmission mode, may influence symbiont frequencies in host populations. Combining published literature with new field surveys, we compared Epichloë endophytes, which had mixed horizontal and vertical transmission, with Neotyphodium endophytes, which were exclusively vertically transmitted from host plants to seeds. Exclusively vertical transmission should select against pathogenicity because symbionts depend entirely on hosts for reproduction. Across 118 host species, we found that Neotyphodium hosts had 40-130% higher symbiont frequencies than Epichloë hosts. In field surveys, endophyte frequency was positively correlated with the local density of hosts, but only for Epichloë, suggesting that contagiously spread Epichloë may attain higher frequencies when hosts are more abundant. Epichloë endophytes were also more likely than Neotyphodium to have imperfect vertical transmission; thus, hosts may reduce the transmission of more pathogenic symbionts to seeds. Results are consistent with the conclusion that the evolutionary transition to exclusively vertical transmission can alter patterns of symbiont frequency in nature.
Journal Article
Ornamental plant Pachystachys lutea as a source of promising endophytes for plant growth and phytoprotective activity
Endophytes are growth-promoting agents capable of synthesizing phytohormones, uptaking nutrients, and controlling pathogens. There is a strong potential to exploit them in the agriculture field like biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. In this work, we aimed to evaluate endophytic fungi isolated from Pachystachys lutea for their potential to solubilize phosphate, synthesise indole acetic acid (IAA), antagonize phytopathogens, and promote plant growth under greenhouse conditions. The phosphate solubilization efficiency was assessed on Pikovskaya’s agar medium. For analysis of IAA production, mycelia plugs of endophytes were cultured in Potato Dextrose Broth medium supplemented with L-tryptophan, with Salkowski Reagent, and the absorbance of the culture was measured. The antagonism evaluation of strain Alternaria sp. PL75 against phytopathogens was performed using the paired-culture technique. The promotion of plant growth provided by Alternaria sp. PL75 was evaluated in tomato plants. All strains evaluated were able to solubilize phosphate; however, the strain Alternaria sp. PL75 was the most effective (4.29). Two strains, Nemania sp. PL27 and Alternaria sp. PL75, produced 1.86 and 1.73 μg mL-1 of IAA, respectively. In the antagonism assay, the endophyte Alternaria sp. PL75 and its fungal extract showed the best results against the pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. The greenhouse experiment result showed the endophyte Alternaria sp. PL75 increased the plantlets emergency speed index and the percentage of germination from 60 to 81.63%. It was also observed a statistical significance in the shoot length of the treated plants with the endophyte suspension (55.38 cm) compared to the control (41.67 cm).
Journal Article