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Dieldrin and endrin are persistent organic pollutants that cause serious environmental problems. Although these compounds have been prohibited over the past decades in most countries around the world, they are still routinely found in the environment, especially in the soil in agricultural fields. Bioremediation, including phytoremediation and rhizoremediation, is expected to be a useful cleanup method for this soil contamination. This review provides an overview of the environmental contamination by dieldrin and endrin, along with a summary of our current understanding and recent advances in bioremediation and phytoremediation of these pollutants. In particular, this review focuses on the types and abilities of plants and microorganisms available for accumulating and degrading dieldrin and endrin.

Importance Evidence suggests that opioid prescribing was reduced nationally following the 2016 release of the Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain by the US Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). State-to-state variability in postguideline changes has not been quantified and could point to further avenues for reducing opioid-related harms. Objective To estimate state-level changes in opioid dispensing following the 2016 CDC Guideline release and explore state-to-state heterogeneity in those changes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included information on opioid prescriptions for US individuals between 2012 and 2018 from an administrative database. Serial cross-sections of monthly opioid dispensing trajectories in each US state and the District of Columbia were analyzed using segmented regression to characterize preguideline dispensing trajectories and to estimate how those trajectories changed following the 2016 guideline release. Data were analyzed January to March 2023. Exposure The March 2016 CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. Main Outcomes and Measures Four measures of opioid dispensing: opioid dispensing rate per 100 000 persons, long-acting opioid dispensing rate per 100 000 persons, high-dose (90 or more morphine milligram equivalents [MME] per day) dispensing rate per 100 000 persons, and average per capita MME. All measures were calculated monthly, from January 2012 through December 2018. Results Data from approximately 58 900 retail pharmacies were included in analysis, representing approximately 92% of US retail prescriptions. The overall monthly dispensing rate in the US in early 2012 was approximately 7000 per 100 000 population. Following the 2016 guideline release, the already-decreasing slope accelerated nationally for the overall dispensing rate (preguideline slope, −23.19; postguideline slope, −48.97; change in slope, 25.97 [95% CI, 18.67-32.95]), long-acting dispensing rate (preguideline slope, −1.03; postguideline slope, −5.94; change in slope, 4.90 [95% CI, 4.26-5.55]), high-dose dispensing (preguideline slope, −3.52; postguideline slope, −7.63; change in slope, 4.11 [95% CI, 3.49-4.73]), and per-capita MME (preguideline slope, −0.22; postguideline slope, −0.58; change in slope, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.30-0.42]). For all outcomes, nearly all states showed analogous acceleration of an already-decreasing slope, but there was substantial state-to-state heterogeneity. Slope changes (preguideline − postguideline slope) ranged from 9.15 (Massachusetts) to 74.75 (Mississippi) for overall dispensing, 1.88 (Rhode Island) to 13.41 (Maine) for long-acting dispensing, 0.71 (District of Columbia) to 13.68 (Maine) for high-dose dispensing, and 0.06 (Hawaii) to 0.91 (Arkansas) for per capita MME. Conclusions and Relevance The 2016 CDC Guideline release was associated with broad reductions in prescription opioid dispensing, and those changes showed substantial geographic variability. Determining the factors associated with these state-level differences may inform further improvements to ensure safe prescribing practices.

This paper introduces a novel and minimized sample preparation technique based on hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction that can be used in joint with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection to extract three organochlorine pesticides—Endrin, Chlordane, and Dieldrin—from rice samples. To that end, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and a proper ionic liquid (IL) were ultrasonically dispersed and injected into the lumen of hollow fiber as the extraction phase for preconcentrating and extracting the target analytes from the rice samples. The effects of the type of nanoparticles, ILs, and desorption solvent on the efficiency of extracting the analytes were investigated based on the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. In addition, other parameters influencing the extraction procedure were optimized using an experimental design that decreased the number of experiments, reagent consumption, and costs. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection and quantification in determining mentioned pesticides varied between 0.019–0.029 and 0.064–0.098 ng mL−1, respectively. The calibration graphs to measure Endrin, Chlordane, and Dieldrin were linear over the concentration range of 0.064–13.2, 0.098–16.7, and 0.092–11.4 ng mL−1, respectively. The relative standard deviations for inter-day and intra-day analysis were below 7.06 and 4.75% for the triplicate determination of three organochlorine pesticides. Besides, the relative recoveries and standard deviations of Endrin, Chlordane, and Dieldrin for analyzing several Iranian rice samples were between 86.0–92.9% and 4.5–5.8%, respectively. The results were compared with other similar works in literature, proving that the proposed method is efficient and useful for routine monitoring of organochlorine compounds in food samples.

Scientific investigations on levels of Organochlorine Pesticide (OCP) residues in plants largely consider the edible parts (crops, vegetables, and fruit plants). Though the non-edible parts of plants are not eaten by human beings directly, these parts are consumed by livestock and other animals, thereby facilitating the flow of chemical residues through the food chain. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the concentration of OCP residues in non-edible plant parts to provide insights on their potential ecotoxicological impacts. Eighteen OCP residues were extracted in nine different plant species (banana Musa acuminate, brinjal Solanum melongena, Casuarina equisetifolia , Eucalyptus globulus , lotus Nelumbo nucifera , paddy Oryza sativa , sugarcane Saccharum officinarum , tapioca Manihot esculenta , tomato Lycopersicon esculentum ) following QuEChERS method. The concentrations of OCP residues in plant extracts were determined using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The OCP residues, namely: γ -HCH (lindane), heptachlor epoxide isomer, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde and endrin ketone were found predominantly in seven plant species. Residues of γ-HCH (lindane) were reported in different parts of plant species such as stem (581.14 ng/g in paddy and 585.82 ng/g in tapioca) and leaf (583.3 ng/g in tomato). Seven samples contained residues of heptachlor epoxide isomer (512.53 to 1173.8 ng/g). Dieldrin was found in paddy stem (489.97 ng/g), tapioca stem (490.21 ng/g) and tapioca leaf (490.32 ng/g). The detected OCPs in the present study were 10–50 times higher than the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL, 0.01–0.1 mg/Kg) as prescribed in the Codex Alimentarius of the FAO/WHO. Their elevated concentrations in the plant parts therefore pose risk of contamination to the consumers in the food chain, including human beings those are dependent on the animals as source of protein. The findings of this study are the first report on residue levels of OCPs in non-edible plant parts in the agricultural landscape of Puducherry region, India. Since, this study assumes significance for the strategic location of Oussudu Lake, an interstate lake spread over Puducherry and Tamil Nadu states, regular monitoring of OCP residues in different environmental segments in strategic locations in both the states is suggested, which will help the authorities in devising a comprehensive environmental management plan aiming at the ecosystem at large.

A novel stereoselective removal behavior of isomeric endrin and dieldrin pesticides from sample solution is demonstrated using nanocomposite of graphene oxide (GO) and iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The removal efficiency of endrin and dieldrin was found higher when GO-MNPs was used as a separating probe than the individual use of GO and MNPs. The removal efficiency of both the pesticides was found to be more favorable when the dosage amount of GO-MNPs was 30 mg for 30-min contact time with pH 4.0 at room temperature. The good correlation of determination ( R 2 ) with 0.975 and 0.973 values obtained for endrin and dieldrin, respectively demonstrated a well fitting of Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The higher removal percentage (86.0%) and higher slope value of Langmuir adsorption isotherm were estimated for endrin compared to dieldrin (74.0%). The reason for higher adsorption percentage of endrin is due to the endo-position of oxygen atom in molecule favors more interaction of molecules with GO-MNPs compared to the exo-position of oxygen present in dieldrin. In addition, the higher value of R 2 for endrin and dieldrin demonstrated better suitability of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, respectively. The advantages of the present method are use of simple UV-vis spectrophotometry for monitoring and low-cost use of GO-MNPs nanomaterial for the removal of pesticides from sample solution.

Chemical pesticides in the hydrogeological system are a global concern as they pose a severe threat to humans and other organisms. In agriculture, around 4.12 million tonnes of pesticides were used globally in 2018, which is 50% more than in the 1990s. Various pesticides detected in the hydrogeological system of India since the 1990s have been documented and reviewed to understand the prevalence, source, history and degradation pathways. This review contributes to a better understanding of existing pesticide pollution and the state of hydrogeological resource deterioration. Small to excess levels of pesticide residues were detected in groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments. Pesticides that were most commonly and predominantly found in the hydrogeological system were HCHs, DDTs, endosulfan, heptachlor, drins (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin), chlordane etc. β and γ-HCH isomers among HCHs, whereas p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE among the DDTs were detected most prevalently. In many regions, pesticide residue levels in water have exceeded the maximum residue limits of WHO and BIS, while those in soils and sediments have exceeded the threshold effect level and probable effect level. Higher pesticide residues were detected in the water resources of rural agricultural areas compared to peri-urban or urban areas. A positive correlation of pesticide residues between water resources and soil has been observed in some regions, suggesting a similar contamination source. Diagnostic ratios of pesticides reveal their source, history and degradation pathways. Diagnostic ratios observed in various studies conducted in India suggest historical as well as recent use of banned pesticides. Strengthening current policies and regulations, monitoring pesticide use, changes in pesticide application practices, awareness among farmers, and the use of prominent removal techniques are necessary to tackle pesticide contamination in India.

Pesticides have a vital role in agricultural production to control pests and maintain high product quality. However, they are potential pollutants, having harmful effects on humans, animals, and environments. Considering these issues, a fast, accurate, and efficient method to determine these pesticides is pivotal. In this study, iron-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Fe-ZnO NPs) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method, and used for the electrochemical determination of endrin pesticide in fruit juice samples. The synthesized materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Then, Fe-ZnO-modified glassy carbon electrode (Fe-ZnO/GCE) was used to determine endrin and showed remarkable electro-catalytic properties and enhanced sensitivity for the determination of the target analyte. It was calculated that the diffusion coefficient ( D ) and kinetic rate constant ( K ) of endrin were 4.57 × 10 −6  cm 2  s −1 and 38.1 M −1  s −1 , respectively at Fe-ZnO/GCE. It also exhibited a good linear response to endrin in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 70 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.019 μM and 0.065 μM, respectively. Moreover, Fe-ZnO/GCE was selective for endrin analysis. It has also shown good sensitivity (2.16 µA/µM cm −2 ), long-term stability, good repeatability, and within-lab reproducibility. The practical utility of Fe-ZnO/GCE was applied for the determination of endrin in mango and orange juice samples. The relative recoveries of the real samples ranged from 91.4 to 106.5%. The developed method could be used as a good candidate for monitoring endrin pesticides in food samples. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of the preparation of Ni-polyaniline electrode for glucose sensing

This study highlights the role of seaweed as important indicators of pollutants as they respond immediately to change in water chemistry and have high survival capabilities. Concentration and risk assessment of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), were examined in the seaweed from El-Mex Bay, Mediterranean Sea during spring and autumn seasons. The green alga Ulva compressa had a maximum ability to accumulate both PAHs and OCPs. In general, the content of the tested micropollutants in the collected seaweed is correlated to their species, morphology, concentration, and nature of pollutant. Naphthalene (NAP) and benzo a pyrene were the predominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in all species with mean concentrations of 68.57 and 56.14 ng g −1 , respectively. The results of the current study showed that the contribution of the different fractions of PAHs from the total concentration was as follows: fossil-fuel derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑PAH F ; 49.32%) > combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH COMB ; 30.83%) > carcinogenic fractions (PAH CARC ; 19.86%). A maximum PAH CARC (30.38%) was recorded in Ulva fasciata . For OCPs, the presence of 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) (ND-27.8 ng g −1 ) rather than DDT; 1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane was an indication for biotransformation involving the reductive dichlorination of DDT to more recalcitrant and toxic DDD. Endrin ketone has the highest mean hazard quotient (0.376). The cancer risk values of most PAHs and OCPs were in the range from 10 −4 to 10 −3 recommending precautionary measures. The results explained that the present algal species play a vital role in the uptake of organic pollutants and act as biomarkers for micropollutants in the ecosystem.

PurposeRiver impoundments disrupt natural water flow patterns and sediment distribution throughout the impacted reach, which often results in a damaging effect on aquatic ecosystems. Dam removal can release sediments that may contain fugitive agricultural nutrients and organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPRs).MethodsSediment samples from an impoundment on the Oostanaula Creek (HUC 03,565,432) in Athens, Tennessee, were obtained, as were surface soil samples from the agricultural watershed. A subset of cores were used for simulated weathering, and all samples were extracted and analyzed for nutrients and OCPRs.ResultsThe impoundment sediments tested low in P and K, but sediment pore water contained elevated concentrations of NO3, NH4, and SO4 relative to reservoir water. Endrin aldehyde and p,p’-DDD were commonly detected in sediment and soil, while aldrin, dieldrin, and p,p’-DDE occurred in a smaller number of samples. When detected, dieldrin and endrin aldehyde frequently exceeded the threshold effect concentration (TEC), but never exceeded the probable effect concentration (PEC) in the sediment samples; p,p’-DDD always exceeded TEC and exceeded PEC in 49% of the sediment samples. The concentrations of NO3 and NH4 in the weathered sediment leachates were similar to those in the reservoir water, and NH4 became the dominant cation in leachates at the conclusion of simulated weathering. Weathering decreased sediment p,p’-DDD concentrations to less than the PEC; however, the concentrations of other OCPRs were not influenced.ConclusionThe dam sediments may have harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms and a long-term impact on stream reclamation following low-head dam removal.

The levels of 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the water from Lake Chaohu were measured by a solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer detector. The spatial and temporal distribution, possible sources, and potential ecological risks of the OCPs were analyzed. The annual mean concentration for the OCPs in Lake Chaohu was 6.99 ng/L. Aldrin, HCHs, and DDTs accounted for large proportions of the OCPs. The spatial pollution followed the order of Central Lakes > Western Lakes > Eastern Lakes and water area. The sources of the HCHs were mainly from the historical usage of lindane. DDTs were degraded under aerobic conditions, and the main sources were from the use of technical DDTs. The ecological risks of 5 OCPs were assessed by the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method in the order of heptachlor > γ-HCH > p,p′-DDT > aldrin > endrin. The combining risks of all sampling sites were MS > JC > ZM > TX, and those of different species were crustaceans > fish > insects and spiders. Overall, the ecological risks of OCP contaminants on aquatic animals were very low.