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Gender differences in individual variation in academic grades fail to fit expected patterns for STEM
Fewer women than men pursue careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), despite girls outperforming boys at school in the relevant subjects. According to the ‘variability hypothesis’, this over-representation of males is driven by gender differences in variance; greater male variability leads to greater numbers of men who exceed the performance threshold. Here, we use recent meta-analytic advances to compare gender differences in academic grades from over 1.6 million students. In line with previous studies we find strong evidence for lower variation among girls than boys, and of higher average grades for girls. However, the gender differences in both mean and variance of grades are smaller in STEM than non-STEM subjects, suggesting that greater variability is insufficient to explain male over-representation in STEM. Simulations of these differences suggest the top 10% of a class contains equal numbers of girls and boys in STEM, but more girls in non-STEM subjects.
Men are over-represented in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) workforce even though girls outperform boys in these subjects at school. Here, the authors cast doubt on one leading explanation for this paradox, the ‘variability hypothesis’.
Journal Article
Quantitative methods of data analysis for the physical sciences and engineering
\"This book provides a thorough and comprehensive coverage of most of the new and important quantitative methods of data analysis for graduate students and practitioners. In recent years, data analysis methods have exploded alongside advanced computing power, and it is critical to understand such methods to get the most out of data, and to extract signal from noise. The book excels in explaining difficult concepts through simple explanations and detailed explanatory illustrations. Most unique is the focus on confidence limits for power spectra and their proper interpretation, something rare or completely missing in other books. Likewise, there is a thorough discussion of how to assess uncertainty via use of Expectancy, and the easy to apply and understand Bootstrap method. The book is written so that descriptions of each method are as self-contained as possible\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Communicating Science and Engineering Data in the Information Age
The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation (NSF) communicates its science and engineering (S&E) information to data users in a very fluid environment that is undergoing modernization at a pace at which data producer dissemination practices, protocols, and technologies, on one hand, and user demands and capabilities, on the other, are changing faster than the agency has been able to accommodate. NCSES asked the Committee on National Statistics and the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council to form a panel to review the NCSES communication and dissemination program that is concerned with the collection and distribution of information on science and engineering and to recommend future directions for the program.
Communicating Science and Engineering Data in the Information Age includes recommendations to improve NCSES's dissemination program and improve data user engagement. This report includes recommendations such as NCSES's transition to a dissemination framework that emphasizes database management rather than data presentation, and that NCSES analyze the results of its initial online consumer survey and refine it over time. The implementation of the report's recommendations should be undertaken within an overall framework that accords priority to the basic quality of the data and the fundamentals of dissemination, then to significant enhancements that are achievable in the short term, while laying the groundwork for other long-term improvements.
eBook
Turing’s children: Representation of sexual minorities in STEM
We provide nationally representative estimates of sexual minority representation in STEM fields by studying 142,641 men and women in same-sex couples from the 2009–2018 American Community Surveys. These data indicate that men in same-sex couples are 12 percentage points less likely to have completed a bachelor’s degree in a STEM field compared to men in different-sex couples. On the other hand, there is no gap observed for women in same-sex couples compared to women in different-sex couples. The STEM degree gap between men in same-sex and different-sex couples is larger than the STEM degree gap between all white and black men but is smaller than the gender gap in STEM degrees. We also document a smaller but statistically significant gap in STEM occupations between men in same-sex and different-sex couples, and we replicate this finding by comparing heterosexual and gay men using independently drawn data from the 2013–2018 National Health Interview Surveys. These differences persist after controlling for demographic characteristics, location, and fertility. Finally, we document that gay male representation in STEM fields (measured using either degrees or occupations) is systematically and positively associated with female representation in those same STEM fields.
Journal Article
Electromagnetics, control and robotics : a problems & solutions approach
This book covers a variety of problems, and offers solutions to some, in: Statistical state and parameter estimation in nonlinear stochastic dynamical system in both the classical and quantum scenarios Propagation of electromagnetic waves in a plasma as described by the Boltzmann Kinetic Transport Equation Classical and Quantum General Relativity It will be of use to Engineering undergraduate students interested in analysing the motion of robots subject to random perturbation, and also to research scientists working in Quantum Filtering.
Book
Nonparametric statistics with applications to science and engineering with R
NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS WITH APPLICATIONS TO SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WITH R
Introduction to the methods and techniques of traditional and modern nonparametric statistics, incorporating R code
Nonparametric Statistics with Applications to Science and Engineering with R presents modern nonparametric statistics from a practical point of view, with the newly revised edition including custom R functions implementing nonparametric methods to explain how to compute them and make them more comprehensible.
Relevant built-in functions and packages on CRAN are also provided with a sample code. R codes in the new edition not only enable readers to perform nonparametric analysis easily, but also to visualize and explore data using R's powerful graphic systems, such as ggplot2 package and R base graphic system.
The new edition includes useful tables at the end of each chapter that help the reader find data sets, files, functions, and packages that are used and relevant to the respective chapter. New examples and exercises that enable readers to gain a deeper insight into nonparametric statistics and increase their comprehension are also included.
Some of the sample topics discussed in Nonparametric Statistics with Applications to Science and Engineering with R include:
* Basics of probability, statistics, Bayesian statistics, order statistics, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistics, rank tests, and designed experiments
* Categorical data, estimating distribution functions, density estimation, least squares regression, curve fitting techniques, wavelets, and bootstrap sampling
* EM algorithms, statistical learning, nonparametric Bayes, WinBUGS, properties of ranks, and Spearman coefficient of rank correlation
* Chi-square and goodness-of-fit, contingency tables, Fisher exact test, MC Nemar test, Cochran's test, Mantel–Haenszel test, and Empirical Likelihood
Nonparametric Statistics with Applications to Science and Engineering with R is a highly valuable resource for graduate students in engineering and the physical and mathematical sciences, as well as researchers who need a more comprehensive, but succinct understanding of modern nonparametric statistical methods.
eBook
Regularization, optimization, kernels, and support vector machines
\"Obtaining reliable models from given data is becoming increasingly important in a wide range of different applications fields including the prediction of energy consumption, complex networks, environmental modelling, biomedicine, bioinformatics, finance, process modelling, image and signal processing, brain-computer interfaces, and others. In data-driven modelling approaches one has witnessed considerable progress in the understanding of estimating flexible nonlinear models, learning and generalization aspects, optimization methods, and structured modelling. One area of high impact both in theory and applications is kernel methods and support vector machines. Optimization problems, learning, and representations of models are key ingredients in these methods. On the other hand, considerable progress has also been made on regularization of parametric models, including methods for compressed sensing and sparsity, where convex optimization plays an important role. At the international workshop ROKS 2013 Leuven, 1 July 8-10, 2013, researchers from diverse fields were meeting on the theory and applications of regularization, optimization, kernels, and support vector machines. At this occasion the present book has been edited as a follow-up to this event, with a variety of invited contributions from presenters and scientific committee members. It is a collection of recent progress and advanced contributions on these topics, addressing methods including ...\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Bayesian methods for structural dynamics and civil engineering
Bayesian methods are a powerful tool in many areas of science and engineering, especially statistical physics, medical sciences, electrical engineering, and information sciences. They are also ideal for civil engineering applications, given the numerous types of modeling and parametric uncertainty in civil engineering problems. For example, earthquake ground motion cannot be predetermined at the structural design stage. Complete wind pressure profiles are difficult to measure under operating conditions. Material properties can be difficult to determine to a very precise level – especially concrete, rock, and soil. For air quality prediction, it is difficult to measure the hourly/daily pollutants generated by cars and factories within the area of concern. It is also difficult to obtain the updated air quality information of the surrounding cities. Furthermore, the meteorological conditions of the day for prediction are also uncertain. These are just some of the civil engineering examples to which Bayesian probabilistic methods are applicable.
* Familiarizes readers with the latest developments in the field
* Includes identification problems for both dynamic and static systems
* Addresses challenging civil engineering problems such as modal/model updating
* Presents methods applicable to mechanical and aerospace engineering
* Gives engineers and engineering students a concrete sense of implementation
* Covers real-world case studies in civil engineering and beyond, such as:
* structural health monitoring
* seismic attenuation
* finite-element model updating
* hydraulic jump
* artificial neural network for damage detection
* air quality prediction
* Includes other insightful daily-life examples
* Companion website with MATLAB code downloads for independent practice
* Written by a leading expert in the use of Bayesian methods for civil engineering problems
This book is ideal for researchers and graduate students in civil and mechanical engineering or applied probability and statistics. Practicing engineers interested in the application of statistical methods to solve engineering problems will also find this to be a valuable text.
MATLAB code and lecture materials for instructors available at www.wiley.com/go/yuen
eBook