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Na trh se dostává zcela jedinečná odborná publikace na poli soudního lékařství. Jejím účelem je sloužit jako originální a nepostradatelná pomůcka při studiu, překladu odborných textů či přípravě přednášek a různých písemných sdělení pro odbornou i laickou veřejnost. Slovník je rozdělen do 2 hlavních částí – česko-anglická a anglicko-česká část, ze kterých každá obsahuje 11 kapitol. Jednotlivé kapitoly pokrývají terminologii 11 základních tematických okruhů, se kterými se uživatel může v soudním lékařství setkat – Tanatologie, Dušení, Forenzní traumatologie, Dopravní úrazy, Porušení zdraví změnou teploty, Poranění elektrickým proudem a bleskem, Porušení zdraví ionizujícím zářením, Porušení zdraví změnou tlaku okolního prostředí, Forenzní antropologie, stomatologie, biologie a genetika – Forenzní vědy, Forenzní toxikologie a Základní právní terminologie v soudním lékařství. Dílo je určeno zejména pro soudní lékaře, příslušníky policie, právníky zabývající se především trestním právem, lékaře jiných oborů, jako např. traumatologie, chirurgie a další, ale i pro studenty medicíny a každého se zájmem o obor soudního lékařství.

A full-length study of monocollocable words, i.e. words whose usage is severely restricted to one or a few combinations only (such as English ado in without much/further ado), that brings together corpus-based data from the four languages along with studies analysing, along both general and language-specific lines, monocollocable words in terms of their frequency, lexical as well as morphosyntactic behaviour, and various facets of their peripheral status. Each of the four langauges covered, namely, English, Italian, German and Czech also offers a short introduction of the respective languages written in English, Italian, German and Czech. A rare contribution to our knowledge of an as yet little studied field, the book will attract the attention of, and stimulate a new interest in, all who are ready to acknowledge that collocation is a core phenomenon of language - lexicologists, lexicographers with a focus on phraseology, language typologists, linguists with a contrastive and historical agenda, and language teachers alike.

Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (UNMT) approaches have gained widespread popularity in recent times. Though these approaches show impressive translation performance using only monolingual corpora of the languages involved, these approaches have mostly been tried on high-resource European language pairs viz. English–French, English–German, etc. In this paper, we explore UNMT for 6 Indic language pairs viz., Hindi–Bengali, Hindi–Gujarati, Hindi–Marathi, Hindi–Malayalam, Hindi–Tamil, and Hindi–Telugu which are low-resource language pairs. We additionally perform experiments on 4 European language pairs viz., English–Czech, English–Estonian, English–Lithuanian, and English–Finnish. We observe that the lexical divergence within these language pairs plays a big role in the success of UNMT. In this context, we explore three approaches viz., (i) script conversion, (ii) unsupervised bilingual embedding-based initialization to bring the vocabulary of the two languages closer, and (iii) dictionary word substitution using a bilingual dictionary. We found that the script conversion using a simple rule-based system benefits language pairs that have high cognate overlap but use different scripts. We observe that script conversion combined with word substitution using a dictionary further improves the UNMT performance. We use a ground truth bilingual dictionary in our dictionary word substitution experiments, and such dictionaries can also be obtained using unsupervised bilingual embeddings. We empirically demonstrate that minimizing lexical divergence using simple heuristics leads to significant improvements in the BLEU score for both related and distant language pairs.

The study is a follow-up to three published anglophone researches examining the relation between the use of linguistic categories and personality characteristics as outlined in the Big Five model, with the purpose of replicating these and elaborating for the Czech language. The comparative research study in Czech focuses on analysis of both grammatical and semantic variables in six types of text (written and oral), produced by N = 200 participants. Within the study, there were six confirmed relations, however, these appear only in certain types of text. The results show not only an essential role of the text register, but they also allow us to evaluate the universality of findings of studies in English in comparison with other, especially Slavic, languages.

LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2025 (35) 2 Revisiting the information structure of English prepositional phrases in predication Irena Headlandová Kalischová – Martin Adam (Masaryk University, Brno) FULL TEXT ABSTRACT (en) The theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) is centred on communicative dynamism and its distribution among communicative units, i.e. individual sentence elements (Firbas, 1996; 1999). When a context-dependent subject is further specified by more dynamic elements, the sentence follows the Quality Scale; conversely, if a context-independent subject is the most dynamic element, it follows the Presentation Scale. This corpus-based study, building on Adam & Headlandová Kalischová (2009), examines English sentences with prepositional predications of the pattern BE + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (specifically, be at fault, be at large, be in full swing, be in place, be on guard, be on display). Unlike the 2009 study, which categorized these structures based on semantic interpretation and paraphrasing potential, the present analysis explores their textual, syntactic, and information-structure characteristics irrespective of typological classification. The aim is to determine whether, and under what circumstances, these predicates express existence or appearance on the scene. The findings suggest that the FSP status of verbo-nominal prepositional structures is best understood as a continuum, ranging from predominantly presentational to primarily qualitative, rather than a strict binary categorization. KEYWORDS (en) FSP, lexical semantics, prepositional, presentation, quality, scale, verbo-nominal DOI https://doi.org/10.14712/18059635.2025.2.3 REFERENCES Adam, M. (2013). Presentation sentences (syntax, semantics and FSP). Brno: Masaryk University. Adam, M. (2019). Presentational capacity of English transitive verbs: On some semantic and FSP aspects of SEIZE. Linguistica Pragensia, 29(2), 178–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059635.2019.2.4 Adam, M., & Headlandová Kalischová, I. (2022). FSP status of English verbo-nominal structures Be + Prepositional Phrase. Linguistica Pragensia, 32(2), 214–234. https://doi.org/10.14712/18059635.2022.2.3 Bolinger, D. L. (1952). Linear modification. Publication of the Modern Language Association of America, 67, 1117–1144. Bouveret, M., & Fillmore, C. (2008). Matching verbo-nominal constructions in FrameNet with lexical functions in MTT. In E. Bernal & J. A. DeCesaris (Eds.), Proceedings of the Euralex (pp. 297–308). Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Büring, D. (2012). Semantics, intonation, and information structure. In G. Ramchand & C. Reiss (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces (pp. 445–474). Oxford: Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199247455.013.0015 Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Be at fault. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/be-at-fault Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Be at large. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/be-at-large Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Guard. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/guard Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). In place. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/in-place Chafe, W. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time: The flow and displacement of conscious experience in speaking and writing. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press. Chamonikolasová, J. (2010). Communicative dynamism and prosodic prominence of English and Czech pronouns. In M. Procházka, P. Šaldová & M. Malá (Eds.), The Prague School and Theories of Structure (pp. 143–159). Göttingen: V&R Unipress. Chamonikolasová, J., & Adam, M. (2005). The presentation scale in the theory of functional sentence perspective. In J. Čermák, A. Klégr, M. Malá & P. Šaldová (Eds.), Patterns: A Festschrift for Libuše Dušková (pp. 59–69). Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University. Chamonikolasová, J., Adam, M., Headlandová Kalischová, I., Drápela, M., & Stehlíková, L. (2015). Creating a system of annotation for FSP. Linguistica Pragensia, 25(1), 9–18. Davidse, K., Njende, N. M., & O’Grady, G. (2023). Specificational and presentational there-clefts: Redefining the field of clefts. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32270-9 Dušková, L. (1999). Basic distribution of communicative dynamism vs. nonlinear indication of functional sentence perspective. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague, 3, 249–262. Dušková, L. (2008). Vztahy mezi sémantikou a aktuálním členěním z pohledu anglistických členů Pražského lingvistického kroužku [The relations between semantics and functional sentence perspective as seen by Anglicist members of the Prague Linguistic Circle]. Slovo a slovesnost, 69(1–2), 67–77. Dušková, L. (2012). Mluvnice současné angličtiny na pozadí češtiny [A Grammar of Contemporary English with Reference to Czech]. Prague: Academia. Dušková, L. (2015). From Syntax to Text: The Janus Face of Functional Sentence Perspective. Prague: Karolinum Press. Dušková, L. (2020). Dual semantics of intransitive verbs: Lexical semantics vs. presentative meaning. In V. Kloudová, M. Šemelík, A. Racochová & T. Koptík (Eds.), Spielräume der modernen linguistischen Forschung (pp. 25–54). Prague: Karolinum. Erteschik-Shir, N. (2007). Information Structure: The Syntax-Discourse Interface. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199262588.001.0001 Firbas, J. (1964). On defining the theme in functional sentence analysis. Travaux Linguistiques de Prague, 1, 267–280. Firbas, J. (1975). On ‘existence/appearance on the scene’ in functional sentence perspective. Prague Studies in English, 16, 45–70. Firbas, J. (1992). Functional sentence perspective in written and spoken communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Firbas, J. (1995). On the thematic and the rhematic layers of a text. In B. Wårwick, S.-K. Tanskanen & R. Hiltunen (Eds.), Organization in Discourse: Proceedings from the Turku Conference, Anglicana Turkuensia 14 (pp. 59–72). Turku: University of Turku. Farlex. (n.d.). The Free Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/ Hornby, A. S., & Turnbull, J. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (8th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lambrecht, K. (1994). Information Structure and Sentence Form: Topic, Focus, and the Mental Representations of Discourse Referents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620607 Quirk, R., et al. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman. Sketch Engine. (n.d.). Sketch Engine [Corpus analysis tool]. Retrieved May 8, 2024, from https://ske.f.muni.cz/ Svoboda, A. (2005). Firbasian semantic scales and comparative studies. In J. Čermák, A. Klégr, M. Malá & P. Šaldová (Eds.), Patterns. A Festschrift for Libuše Dušková (pp. 217–229). Prague: Faculty of Arts, Charles University. USLegal. (n.d.). Damages at large. In USLegal. Retrieved May 22, 2024, from https://definitions.uslegal.com/ Vachek, J. (1994). A functional syntax of modern English. Brno: Masaryk University. Van Rompaey, T., Davidse, K., & Petré, P. (2015). Lexicalization and grammaticalization: The case of the verbo-nominal expressions be on the/one’s way/road. Functions of Language, 22(2), 232–263.

Article abstracts may be among the most efficient means of disseminating research results if certain basic principles regarding their content and structure are followed. No research outcomes have yet been made available on the structure of abstracts published in Czech linguistic periodicals. The current study presents a survey of 120 such abstracts collected from four journals and, on the basis of rhetorical moves analysis, describes their shared features, strengths and shortcomings. The results show that many of these abstracts fail to include moves which are generally considered obligatory (results, data and method description) and that their informative value is consequently lower than sufficient. The study concludes by recommending that awareness of rhetorical principles amongst Czech academics be raised e.g. through instructional texts or courses.

The paper deals with the role of small-scale corpora of legal language in overcoming terminological and phraseological assymetries between Czech and English. The first part of the paper describes the potential as well as the specifics of the use of such corpora in legal linguistics. The second part of the paper presents selected outcomes of a study involving a comparable-parallel corpus architecture to study the terminology and phraseology of company law in English and Czech. A number of examples are discussed to demonstrate the usefulness of such corpora as a complement to dictionaries and other resources available to translators working with languages of limited diffusion, such as Czech, for identifying terminological and phraseological equivalence in less straightforward cases. The final part discusses the implications for legal translation practice as well as translation training.

The aim of the paper is to introduce a tool that has recently been developed at the Institute of the Czech National Corpus, the Treq Translation Equivalents Database, and to explore its possible uses. These range from simple, one-shot probes while searching for an equivalent expression for a target language to more sophisticated and elaborate corpus-assisted translations. A significant advantage of Treq is the possibility of clicking on any equivalent and immediately verifying its individual occurrences in context — and thus being able to more easily distinguish relevant translation candidates from misleading ones. This utility, which is based on data stored in the InterCorp parallel corpus, is continually being upgraded and enriched with new functions (the recent integration of multi-word units, adding English as the primary language of the dictionaries, an improved interface, etc.), and the accuracy of results is growing as the volume of data continually increases.