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First published in 1942, this dictionary was designed to help civilians and members of H.M. forces to make their way amid the jungle of wartime abbreviations. The preface notes that newspaper readers, sailors, soldiers and airmen had to thrust themselves, like explorers, into these abbreviations in search of truth, or the execution of their martial duty and hence, a dictionary was necessary. This book will be of interest to scholars of history and language, as well as the more general, interested reader.

The present paper explores the contrastive sociolexicographic analysis of non-standard vocabulary dictionaries in differently structured languages, with a primary focus on English and Russian. The study addresses the significance of documenting substandard vocabulary in lexicographic editions, emphasizing its relevance in both theoretical and applied linguistics. The authors assert that the development of modern non-standard vocabulary dictionaries will enhance the empirical foundation for linguistic hypotheses based on live speech data. The paper presents a detailed framework for comparing non-standard dictionaries, using parameters such as the microstructural organisation of dictionary entries. Citing the work of G.V. Ryabichkina, the paper identifies key elements that should be included in dictionary entries. They contain vocabulary representation, orthographic and orthoepic features, grammatical characteristics, and stylistic features. The study emphasises the need for comprehensive linguistic descriptions, including functional, social and ethical stylistic marks, as well as varied definitional approaches such as literary synonyms commonplace synonyms, and extended linguistic interpretations. This paper contributes to the broader understanding of how non-standard vocabulary is represented in dictionaries of English and Russian, providing insights into the nuances of language variation and lexicographic practice.

Background and objectives Effective communication skills are crucial for strengthening the patient-physician relationship and ensuring high-quality patient care. While Arabic is Lebanon’s official and most widely spoken language, medical education is primarily conducted in English or French. This language barrier may hinder effective communication between doctors and patients from diverse educational backgrounds. This study aims to evaluate how the use of simplified medical terminology and the Arabic mother tongue affects physician-patient communication by assessing physicians’ knowledge of Arabic and simplified terms, as well as their attitude toward communication with patients. Subjects and methods This observational cross-sectional study was conducted among Lebanese patients and physicians from various hospitals across different regions of Lebanon. Data were collected through an anonymous questionnaire designed to assess patient and physician satisfaction with their communication and their familiarity with Arabic medical terminology. The Arabic Usage Tool (AUT) measured physicians’ ability to communicate using simplified medical jargon and Arabic, while the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) was used to evaluate physicians’ attitudes toward learning communication skills and the factors influencing them, The Chi-square test was used for associations between nominal variables, while ANOVA and Student’s t-test were used for associations between continuous variables. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 938 patients and 388 physicians participated in this study. A significant proportion of physicians (45.12%) demonstrated poor knowledge of Arabic medical terminology. A higher knowledge score was significantly associated with male physicians, older age, higher income, and more advanced academic standing. Additionally, 59.5% of physicians expressed a positive attitude toward learning communication skills. A positive attitude was significantly associated with older physicians, higher income, attending status, graduation after 2020, and specialization in internal medicine (All p values (< 0.05). Arabic communication courses were strongly supported by physicians aged 22–25 (42.6%), ≥ 44 years (36.4%), and recent graduates. Support is higher among those who haven’t previously taken a communication course (All p values (< 0.05). Conclusion In Lebanon, where Arabic is the native and predominantly spoken language among patients, most physicians demonstrated limited proficiency in Arabic medical terminology. However, they showed a positive attitude toward enhancing their communication skills. This study underscores the importance of incorporating Arabic language training into medical school curricula in Arabic-speaking countries, as such courses are appreciated by both students and physicians and contribute to better healthcare outcomes.

In 2014, the US marks the 50th anniversary of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the basis for the Johnson administration’s escalation of American military involvement in Southeast Asia and war against North Vietnam. Vietnam War Slang outlines the context behind the slang used by members of the United States Armed Forces during the Vietnam War. Troops facing and inflicting death display a high degree of linguistic creativity. Vietnam was the last American war fought by an army with conscripts, and their involuntary participation in the war added a dimension to the language.　 War has always been an incubator for slang; it is brutal, and brutality demands a vocabulary to describe what we don’t encounter in peacetime civilian life.　 Furthermore, such language serves to create an intense bond between comrades in the armed forces, helping them to support the heavy burdens of war.　 The troops in Vietnam faced the usual demands of war, as well as several that were unique to Vietnam – a murky political basis for the war, widespread corruption in the ruling government, untraditional guerilla warfare, an unpredictable civilian population in Vietnam, and a growing lack of popular support for the war back in the US.　 For all these reasons, the language of those who fought in Vietnam was a vivid reflection of life in wartime. Vietnam War Slang lays out the definitive record of the lexicon of Americans who fought in the Vietnam War.　 Assuming no prior knowledge, it presents around 2000 headwords, with each entry divided into sections giving parts of speech, definitions, glosses, the countries of origin, dates of earliest known citations, and citations. It will be an essential resource for Vietnam veterans and their families, students and readers of history, and anyone interested in the principles underpinning the development of slang. Preface. Entries A-Z. Bibliography. \"War breeds slang: and the longer that war the better. Other than World War I Vietnam was perhaps combat's greatest creator of new language. In his wide-ranging, authoritative dictionary, Tom Dalzell, one of America's leading lexicographers of slang, has brought it all together: from mummy sacks to the long long duck's back and the remfs to the Arvins. This a unique, unrivalled take on a war that remains a key moment in modern history. Tim O’Brien has written about ‘The Things They Carried’; now Tom Dalzell brings us ‘The Words They Used’\" Jonathon Green, author of Green's Dictionary of Slang \"A very valuable collection of Vietnam War slang.\"- Gerald Cohen, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA \"Tom Dalzell’s extraordinary Vietnam War Slang invites us to look back through the words and meanings of the Vietnam era — fascinating in themselves — into the culture they signify. Each entry includes a contemporary quotation or two, illustrating use of the word in question, and thus the dictionary is an anthology of fading voices from distant decades amplified into the twenty-first century, voices we need to hear. It should be in every American library, on every word-lover’s bookshelf, and assigned in every university course about the period or the phenomenon of the Vietnam War.\" Michael Paul Adams, Indiana University, USA

Pharmacy faculty have begun to adopt therapy-speak, which are common words and phrases derived from mental health services, more frequently in both informal modes of communication as well as in scholarly and creative efforts. In this Commentary, we consider the use of this trendy, idiomatic language in scholarly writing and characterize potential problems with its clear and lasting interpretation. Conversely, we also examine how contemporary language can be used to enhance scholarly writing by engaging members of the Academy with an interesting writing style. Finally, we challenge pharmacy faculty to carefully consider how and when such language can be used to communicate in a clear and straightforward style that creates interest among readers.

The present empirical study reports on an experiment in which 20 participants (actual job applicants) were asked to post-edit a 394-word legal Google translated text (GTT) to investigate the type of post edits done in relation to the quality of the product as assessed by the recruitment test assessors in the translation service provider. For the purposes of the empirical research, participants were categorized in two groups; translators with practical experience between 3-5 years and trainees (recent translation graduates) with no practical experience. Assessors at the translation service provider used LISA QA model 3.1 version for quality assessment. The three factors investigated by assessors were time spent on the task, number and type of changes (post-edits) as well as the quality of the final post-edited text based on errors committed in the post-editing (PE). Results reveal a correlation between the type and number of edits done by participants and the quality of the final output and consequently a correlation between practical experience and the quality of the post-edited output. The research unveils some areas that need to be improved in the study plans at the translator training programs in Jordan, particularly in relation to PE efficiency. Results also imply that general experience in translation may not be enough to excel in post-editing specialized texts that require special knowledge in a given subject matter.

The article aimed to determine the specificity of computer game discourse, its features, key linguistic characteristics, and communicative features. The methodology included the analysis of computer game discourse materials, in particular, dictionary articles, texts of electronic messages, and computer conferences, as well as recordings of fragments of the spoken language of users and users of computer games. The specific feature of computer discourse is the selective combination of features, typical for other types and forms of communication. Computer discourse has some communicative features: electronic communication channel; mediated communication; distance communication; emotionality transmission through emoji symbols; genre heterogeneity; discourse participants' creativity. Computer discourse is characterized by the dominance of English-language lexical bases (barbarisms and semantic translations) and a tendency to unify the norms and rules of communication. Despite such specificity, computer jargon in its functioning and especially word formation is subject to the laws of the Ukrainian language. In particular, affixal, non-affixal, and lexico-semantic are the most widespread modes of word formation in the computer lexicon. At the same time, lexico-semantic can be combined with other known ways. Computer vocabulary is characterized by the use of speech games and means of speech expression. The key tendency in the formation of computer discourse is to reduce the ways of information transmission as much as possible.

The gome graythely him grette and bade gode morwen; The kyng lordelye hym selfe of langage of Rome, Of Latin corroumppede all, full louely hym menys. (lines 3476-8) (The man greets him properly and wished him a good morrow; the king speaks to him himself, lordly and most graciously, in the language of Rome, all Latin corroumppede.) Burrow also observed two linked analogues in Fouke le Fitz Waryn, an AngloNorman prose romance worked up, in the early fourteenth century at the latest, from a lost verse predecessor.6 Landing on an island near Orkney, Fouke and his companions meet a young shepherd, who Tes salua de un latyn corumpus' (greeted them in a latyn corumpus)? In translating the text, Thomas E. Kelly opts for very bad Latin' and 'bad Latin' in these two cases, respectively.10 The editors of the poem's standard referencing edition offer uncouth dialect, jargon' in their glossary.11 H. J. Chaytor took the two appearances of this phrase in Fouke as evidence of a mercantile, perhaps maritime lingua franca of altered Latin.12 Slightly more recently, W. Rothwell has adopted this lingua franca idea more positively, reasoning from Fouke onwards to the Man of Law's Tale rather than from Chaucer back to Fouke.13 Jonathan Hsy has written a wide-ranging and fruitful parallel reading of mercantile activity and multilingualism across the Man of Law's Tale and the different narratives in the Constance tradition that lies behind Chaucer's poem. A. C. Spearing, for instance, treats it as an example of Chaucer's 'sense of historical change in language', while R. A. Shoaf regards it as a detail added 'for the sake of verisimilitude'.18 When Nevill Coghill produced his twentieth-century verse translation of the Tales, he rendered the line as 'Latin she spoke, of a degenerate kind'.19 However, additional uses of the phrase 'Latin corrupt', not known to Burrow, show that in the Man of Law's Tale the phrase 'Latyn corrupt' probably indicates neither inept or degenerate Latin, nor a lingua franca, but rather an Italian vernacular. Destroyed in purity, debased; altered from the original or correct condition by ignorance, carelessness, additions, etc.; vitiated by errors or alterations.'20 The MED too cites this line as its first quotation for the use of'corrupt' to mean 'faulty, incorrect (language)'.21 Although the OED and the MED are excellent tools, they both draw deeply, disproportionately, on Chaucer.22 Chaucerian arguments rooted in some specific senses offered in these dictionaries therefore risk entering a logical hall of mirrors, in which scholars read Chaucer using definitions which themselves reflect readings of Chaucer.

Reviews Michael and Doerr deserve enormous credit for their exhaustive and meticulous compendium of Nazi vocabulary, including abbreviations and acronyms, military terms and ranks, government and military offices, and--critically important--euphemisms and code names...Any student of Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, or WW II should know this book. Essential for all academic libraries. Choice Karin Doerr and Robert Michael have created a fine book...[T]he lexicon is extensive and will undoubtedly assist students of the Third Reich, World War II, and the Holocaust in their research. College students enrolled in courses on these topics and other nonspecialists stand to benefit the most. This volume gives them the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the terminology of the Third Reich. Attaining knowledge of the Nazis' linguistic code will in turn enable them to make sense of the documentary evidence...[M]ichael's and Doerr's thought-provoking essays raise the issue of continuity and are thus of particular interest to historians. german studies review