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The extract from Entada phaseoloides was employed as active ingredients of natural origin into cosmetic products, while the components analysis was barely reported. Using LC-DAD-MS/qTOF analysis, eleven compounds (1–11) were proposed or identified from acetone extract of E. phaseoloides leaves (AE). Among them, six phenolic compounds, protocatechuic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (5), cirsimaritin (6), dihydrokaempferol (9), and apigenin (10), were isolated by various chromatographic techniques. Protocatechuic acid (2), epicatechin (4), and kaempferol (11) at a concentration 100 μM increased the HaCaT cells viability of the UVB-irradiated cell without any cytotoxicity effect and reduced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS inflammation gene. Moreover, compounds 2 and 4 could have potent effects on cell migration during wound closure. These results suggest that compounds 2, 4, and 11 from AE have anti-photoaging properties and could be employed in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.

In this exploratory research MEEP was screened against various cancer cell lines (HeLa, MDA MB 231, DU 145, A 549, and HepG2) and phaseoloidin against HepG2 cell line. The MTT assay was employed to evaluate the cancer cells' viability. Detection of intracellular ROS by using DCF-DA, measurement of mitochondrial super oxide generation (MitosoxTM Red), mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 staining and analyzed by flow cytometer, and molecular features were performed by western blotting. Phaseoloidin showed a promising best result against human hepatic carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells). HepG2 cells were exposed to various concentrations (1.23, 3.70, 11.11, 33.33, and 100 µM) of phaseoloidin, where it was found to trigger the apoptosis dose-dependently on HepG2 cells. This included characteristic changes in nuclear morphology, the breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), up-regulation of pro-apoptotic BAX, and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, which initiates the transformation of caspase-3 to cleaved caspase-3, thus actuating PARP promoting apoptosis.The data showed that Phaseoloidin induces cell death through up-regulation of cellular ROS production. This implies that Phaseoloidin could be a novel anticancer molecule from the natural source in treating hepatic cancer

Medicinal plants are rich in bioactive phytochemicals with the potential to treat various ailments, including cancer and infectious diseases.  Leucaena leucocephala  and  Entada phaseoloides  have long been used in traditional medicine for such conditions. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer potential of methanolic pod extracts of both species through integrated in vitro and in silico approaches.  L. leucocephala  exhibited higher total phenolic content (49.02 ± 0.43 GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (77.95 ± 0.32 QE/g) than E. phaseoloides (TPC: 42.30 ± 0.13 GAE/g; TFC: 72.90 ± 0.42 QE/g). Phytochemicals were characterized via FTIR and LC–MS, identifying 54 compounds. Antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays showed stronger radical scavenging in  L. leucocephala  (IC 50 : 51.53 ± 0.40 and 38.68 ± 0.20 µg/mL) than in  E. phaseoloides  (IC 50 : 73.29 ± 0.48 and 64.63 ± 0.29 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity assays against HeLa cells demonstrated potent anticancer activity, with IC 50 values of 3.83 ± 0.07 µg/mL for  L. leucocephala  and 4.71 ± 0.06 µg/mL for  E. phaseoloides . In silico ADMET profiling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations identified key bioactive compounds with strong binding affinities toward Topoisomerase II, DNA gyrase, and AKT1. Protein–ligand complexes showed high stability through consistent RMSD, low RMSF, strong hydrogen bonding, and stable SASA values, supporting their therapeutic relevance. This is the first comprehensive pharmacological study on pod extracts of  L. leucocephala  and  E. phaseoloides  from Mizoram, India. The findings provide compelling evidence for their development as promising candidates for antibacterial and anticancer drug discovery.

Background Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. is an important traditional medicinal plant. The stem of Entada phaseoloides is popularly used as traditional medicine because of its significance in dispelling wind and dampness and remarkable anti-inflammatory activities. Triterpenoid saponins are the major bioactive compounds of Entada phaseoloides. However, genomic or transcriptomic technologies have not been used to study the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway in this plant. Results We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of the root, stem, and leaf tissues of Entada phaseoloides with three independent biological replicates and obtained a total of 53.26 Gb clean data and 116,910 unigenes, with an average N50 length of 1218 bp. Putative functions could be annotated to 42,191 unigenes (36.1%) based on BLASTx searches against the Non-redundant, Uniprot, KEGG, Pfam, GO, KEGG and COG databases. Most of the unigenes related to triterpenoid saponin backbone biosynthesis were specifically upregulated in the stem. A total of 26 cytochrome P450 and 17 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase candidate genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were identified. The differential expressions of selected genes were further verified by qPT-PCR. Conclusions The dataset reported here will facilitate the research about the functional genomics of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and genetic engineering of Entada phaseoloides .

Entada phaseoloides stem is known for its high medicinal benefits and ornamental value. Flavonoids are one of the main active constituents in E. phaseoloides stem. However, the regulatory mechanism of flavonoids accumulation in E. phaseoloides is lacking. Here, phytochemical compounds and transcripts from stems at different developmental stages in E. phaseoloides were investigated by metabolome and transcriptome analysis. The metabolite profiling of the oldest stem was obviously different from young and older stem tissues. A total of 198 flavonoids were detected, and flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins, isoflavones, and flavanones were the main subclasses. The metabolome data showed that the content of acacetin was significantly higher in the young stem and older stem than the oldest stem. Rutin and myricitrin showed significantly higher levels in the oldest stem. A total of 143 MYBs and 143 bHLHs were identified and classified in the RNA-seq data. Meanwhile, 34 flavonoid biosynthesis structural genes were identified. Based on the expression pattern of structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, it indicated that flavonol, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanin biosynthesis were first active during the development of E. phaseoloides stem, and the anthocyanin or proanthocyanin biosynthesis branch was dominant; the flavone biosynthesis branch was active at the late developmental stage of the stem. Through the correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data, the potential candidate genes related to regulating flavonoid synthesis and transport were identified. Among them, the MYBs, bHLH, and TTG1 are coregulated biosynthesis of flavonols and structural genes, bHLH and transporter genes are coregulated biosynthesis of anthocyanins. In addition, the WDR gene TTG1-like (AN11) may regulate dihydrochalcones and flavonol biosynthesis in specific combinations with IIIb bHLH and R2R3-MYB proteins. Furthermore, the transport gene protein TRANSPARENT TESTA 12-like gene is positively regulated the accumulation of rutin, and the homolog of ABC transporter B family member gene is positively correlated with the content of flavone acacetin. This study offered candidate genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, information of flavonoid composition and characteristics of flavonoids accumulation, improved our understanding of the MYBs and bHLHs-related regulation networks of flavonoid biosynthesis in E. phaseoloides stem, and provided references for the metabolic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis in E. phaseoloides stem.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading three diseases with higher death rates worldwide, with an expected 2.2 million new cases continuously in 2030. The expanding utilization of common plant-inferred parts, investigating the counter proliferative impacts of phytochemicals is progressively picking up significance in planning anticancer medications. This study aimed to examine the effect of methanolic extracts of Entada phaseoloides (MEEP) on the apoptotic pathway in human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29 cells). MTT assay and live/dead staining with fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide (FDA/PI) were utilized to quantify cell viability in cancer cells. This research facility's exploratory investigation showed the effects of colon malignant growth cells (HT-29) exposed to various portions (1.23, 3.70, 11.11, 33.33, and 100µg/mL) of MEEP. The pure compounds isolated from the extracts includes Oleic acid, Entadamide A, Entadamide A-beta-D-glucopyranoside, Phaseoloidin. The result showed that MEEP actuated the concealment of cell viability and apoptosis in HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This included characteristic changes in nuclear morphology, the breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), up-regulation of pro-apoptotic BAX, and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, which initiates the transformation of caspase-3 to cleaved caspase-3, thus actuating PARP promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that MEEP does not affect ROS production. Thus overall findings applies against proliferative impact through various signalling pathways, is an outstanding possibility for hostile to colon cancer therapy with the help of natural sources.

Entada phaseoloides is a well-known medicinal plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. To evaluate the anti-stress activity of seeds of E. phaseoloides in endoplasmic reticulum stress during chronic restrain stress in mice, based on our preliminary screening. Mice (n = 6/group) were restrained daily for 6 h in 50 ml polystyrene tubes for 28 days. Methanolic extract of E. phaseoloides (MEEP) (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and standard drug, imipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.) were administered daily 45 min prior to restrain from day 22–28. Then, forced swim test (FST) was performed to assess despair behavior. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzymes Reduced glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the hippocampus of mice. 78 kDa Glucose-regulated Protein, 94 kDa Glucose-regulated Protein, C/EBP homologous protein, Caspase-12 expression were quantified by Real Time PCR. MEEP significantly reduced the immobility time in FST (P < 0.001). Significant reduction of LPO (P < 0.05) level and restored antioxidant enzymes viz. GSH (P < 0.001) and SOD towards vehicle control group were observed. Down-regulation of genes GRP 78, GRP 94 (P < 0.001), CHOP and Caspase-12 (P < 0.001) as compared to the chronic restrain stress group was evident, which were upregulated following treatment. Isolation of the active components of the seeds revealed the presence of Oleic acid (1), Entadamide A (2), Entadamide A-beta-d-glucopyranoside (3) and 1-O-protocatechuoyl-β-d-glucose. MEEP altered endoplasmic reticulum stress in chronic restrain stressed mice; however, as an antidepressant it showed a weaker response. [Display omitted]

The present investigation has been carried out to study the epidemiology of fascioliasis in cattle and its therapeutic management with indigenous medicinal plants. Under the prevailing agro-climatic condition of four locations of Kamrup district of Assam, out of 551 nos. of randomly selected cattle, 46 number of animals were found positive for fascioliasis. The overall occurrence of fascioliasis was 8.35% out of which 8.28% local male, 8.23% local female, 8.33% crossbred male and 8.59% crossbred female cattle were found to be affected. In the present study, efficacy of Entada phaseoloides was found to be 87.50% and that of Azadirachta indica was 81.25%. However, triclabendazole showed 100% efficacy. Various blood parameters viz., haemoglobin, TEC and albumin level were found to be elevated following treatment with methanolic extract of E. phaseoloides, A. indica as well as triclabendazole in comparison to the Fasciola positive untreated group. The declining levels of TLC, eosinophil, monocyte count, total serum bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP and GGT could be observed after treatment with these drugs. However, the percentage of PCV did not increase significantly after the administration of all these drugs, singly. Also, no significant difference could be observed in basophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte count and ESR level following treatment with triclabendazole, E. phaseoloides and/or A. indica. Based on clinical recovery and improvement in haemato-biochemical parameters, the methanolic extracts of the indigenous plants were found to be highly effective against fascioliasis in cattle through their efficacy were not at par with that of standard commercial drug, triclabendazole.

Two new aromatic compounds, butyl 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate (1) and butyl 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-5-dihydroxyphenylacetate (2), together with three known ones, methyl 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate (3), ethyl 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate (4) and 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-5-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (5), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the kernel of Entada phaseoloides. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by MS and NMR experiments. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 displayed potent inhibitory activities against HIV-1 replication, with EC50 values of 9.80 μM, 11.70 μM and 9.93 μM, respectively.

Plant trichomes are known for their capability to produce and store secondary metabolites that protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. 1 H NMR studies on intact individual trichomes located on the leaf surface of Nicotiana attenuata revealed the presence of two major secondary metabolites: nicotine, the signature metabolite of the genus, and phaseoloidin, a homogentisic acid glucoside. This glucoside was reported originally from the seeds of Entada phaseoloides , and this is the first report of its occurrence in a Solanaceous plant. Artificial diet feeding bioassays with Manduca sexta and Spodoptera littoralis larvae, two important herbivores of N. attenuata , revealed that the ingestion of phaseoloidin negatively influenced caterpillar performance. This effect was more pronounced for the generalist, S. littoralis, than for the specialists, M. sexta .