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"Environmental legislation"
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Fundamentals of environmental law and compliance
\"This textbook provides readers with the fundamentals and the intent of environmental regulations so that compliance can be greatly improved and streamlined. Through numerous examples and case studies it explains concepts from how environmental laws are applied and work, to why pollution prevention and sustainability are critical for the future of all life on Earth. It is organized to accommodate different needs for students with different backgrounds and career choices. It is also useful for site safety managers, research technicians, and other young professionals wanting to apply environmental regulations to their facilities and staying up to date on recently changed regulations\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Air Pollution Control Policies in China: A Retrospective and Prospects
With China’s significant role on pollution emissions and related health damage, deep and up-to-date understanding of China’s air pollution policies is of worldwide relevance. Based on scientific evidence for the evolution of air pollution and the institutional background of environmental governance in China, we examine the development of air pollution control policies from the 1980s and onwards. We show that: (1) The early policies, until 2005, were ineffective at reducing emissions; (2) During 2006–2012, new instruments which interact with political incentives were introduced in the 11th Five-Year Plan, and the national goal of reducing total sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 10% was achieved. However, regional compound air pollution problems dominated by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground level ozone (O3) emerged and worsened; (3) After the winter-long PM2.5 episode in eastern China in 2013, air pollution control policies have been experiencing significant changes on multiple fronts. In this work we analyze the different policy changes, the drivers of changes and key factors influencing the effectiveness of policies in these three stages. Lessons derived from the policy evolution have implications for future studies, as well as further reforming the management scheme towards air quality and health risk oriented directions.
Journal Article
Interstitial law-making in public international law : a study of environmental impact assessments
\"Environmental Impact Assessment (eia) requirements are quasi-universal. Praised as the core of the international legal response to ensure environmental protection, this procedure is an information tool for better public decision-making, which can contribute to empowering individuals and civic groups. Based on the historical background of the relevant norms and on case studies, Interstitial Law-Making in International Law: A Study of Environmental Impact Assessments verifies whether the role of procedure in secreting substantive law may be fulfilled in the distinctive legal system of public international law, while appraising how eia requirements have been conceived and implemented as regards to encouraging all international actors to behave in an environmentally conscious way, in a world of heterogeneous political regimes\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Children’s Vulnerability To Toxic Chemicals: A Challenge And Opportunity To Strengthen Health And Environmental Policy
A key policy breakthrough occurred nearly twenty years ago with the discovery that children are far more sensitive than adults to toxic chemicals in the environment. This finding led to the recognition that chemical exposures early in life are significant and preventable causes of disease in children and adults. We review this knowledge and recommend a new policy to regulate industrial and consumer chemicals that will protect the health of children and all Americans, prevent disease, and reduce health care costs. The linchpins of a new US chemical policy will be: first, a legally mandated requirement to test the toxicity of chemicals already in commerce, prioritizing chemicals in the widest use, and incorporating new assessment technologies; second, a tiered approach to premarket evaluation of new chemicals; and third, epidemiologic monitoring and focused health studies of exposed populations. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article
Climate engineering and the law : regulation and liability for solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal
\"Climate change is increasingly recognized as a global threat, and is already contributing to record-breaking hurricanes and heat waves. To prevent the worst impacts, attention is now turning to climate engineering - the intentional large-scale modification of the environment to reduce the impact of climate change. The two principal methods involve removing some carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (which could consume huge amounts of land and money, and take a long period of time), and reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface, perhaps by spraying aerosols into the upper atmosphere from airplanes (which could be done quickly but is risky and highly controversial). This is the first book to focus on the legal aspects of these technologies: what government approvals would be needed; how liability would be assessed and compensation provided if something goes wrong; and how a governance system could be structured and agreed internationally\"-- Unnumbered page preceeding title page.
Book
The effect of the new Environmental Protection Law on corporate financialization in China
Using data from non-financial listed firms in China from 2008 to 2020, this study investigates the effect of the new Environmental Protection Law on corporate financialization based on the difference-in-differences model. Findings show that the law’s implementation significantly increases the financialization behaviors of corporations in polluting industries. This effect remains robust after a series of robustness checks. Heterogeneity analyses suggest that the policy effect of the law is more pronounced for non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises with high fixed assets ratios, and enterprises in regions with excellent market competition. The new Environmental Protection Law also promotes the financialization of enterprises by increasing costs, reducing commercial credit financing capabilities, increasing risks, and hindering innovation. This article provides new evidence for understanding macro-environmental regulation and micro-firm effects.
Journal Article
The effects of three types of environmental regulation on energy consumption—evidence from China
Based on panel data from 1997 to 2015 in China, in this paper, the direct and indirect effects of three types of environmental regulation on energy consumption are explored with the 2SLS and system GMM method. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) the effects of three types of environmental regulation on energy consumption are quite varied. The cost effect of the economical environmental regulation is significant in the direct path. However, the phenomenon of “Green Paradox” emerges in legal and supervised types of environmental regulation. The “rebound effect” of energy, which led to a new energy demand, is greater than the energy conservation generated by technological innovation in the indirect path, which is embodied as a suppression effect. (2) The legal and supervised types of environmental regulation in the eastern, central, and western regions have a Green Paradox and rebound effect on energy consumption. By contrast, the economical environmental regulation shows an opposite performance. (3) The counterfactual simulation results indicate that the net effects of three types of environmental regulation on energy consumption are different. Based on the findings, some corresponding policy implications are provided.
Journal Article
Protecting forest and marine biodiversity : the role of law
\"This timely book considers appropriate legal practices to use to promote conservation, protection and sustainable use of biological diversity in forest and marine areas. The breadth of issues explored across these two themes is immense, and the book identifies both key differences, and striking commonalities between them.Law-makers, managers and users often have little understanding of either the complexity or the true value of biological diversity and of what is needed to preserve forest and marine ecosystems, and to keep inter-relationships between species within them healthy. Regulators face significant and practical challenges, requiring the adoption of legal frameworks in the context of scientific uncertainty. This book provides critical and comparative reflections on the role of law in both of these biodiversity contexts. Key issues not previously addressed through the law are considered - for example, the lack of international governance of peat; and the moral problem of labelling certain species as 'alien' or 'invasive'. Learned contributors draw valuable lessons for those seeking to protect biodiversity and understand its governance, from analysis of experiences gained forging international and national legal frameworks. With a blend of local and global perspectives, across a wide range of countries and policies, the book will appeal to academics and students in law, international, regional and domestic policymakers, lawmakers, NGOs and conservation agencies.\" -- Provided by publisher.
Book
Exploring biodegradable alternatives: microorganism-mediated plastic degradation and environmental policies for sustainable plastic management
Plastics offer versatility, durability and low production costs, but they also pose environmental and health risks due to improper disposal, accumulation in water bodies, low recycling rates and temporal action that causes physicochemical changes in plastics and the release of toxic products to animal health and nature. Some microorganisms may play crucial roles in improving plastic waste management in the future. Cunningamella echinulata has been identified as a promising candidate that remains viable for long periods and produces a cutinase that is capable of degrading plastic. Other recent approaches involving the use of microorganisms are discussed in this review. However, there does not seem to be a single science that is efficient or most appropriate for solving the problem of plastic pollution on the planet at present. Regulations, especially the implementation of different laws that address the entire plastic cycle in different countries, such as Brazil, the USA, China and the European Union, play important roles in the management of this waste and can contribute to reducing this problem. In the context of the transversality of the information compiled here, the current limitations are discussed, and an effective plan is proposed to reduce plastic pollution. Although it is challenging, it involves implementing legislation, promoting sustainable alternatives, improving collection and recycling systems, encouraging reuse, supporting research and technological innovation, promoting corporate responsibility, collaborating globally, raising public awareness, optimizing waste management and, above all, continuously monitoring the progress of actions based on measurable metrics.
Journal Article