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In the middle of the twentieth century, governments ignored the negative effects of large-scale infrastructure projects. In recent decades, many democratic countries have continued to use dams to promote growth, but have also introduced accompanying programs to alleviate these harmful consequences of dams for local people, to reduce poverty, and to promote participatory governance. This type of dam building undoubtedly represents a step forward in responsible governing. But have these policies really worked? Flooded provides insights into the little-known effects of these approaches through a close examination of Brazil's Belo Monte hydroelectric facility. After three decades of controversy over damming the Xingu River, a tributary of the Amazon, the dam was completed in 2019 under the left-of-center Workers' Party, becoming the world's fourth largest. Billions of dollars for social welfare programs accompanied construction. Nonetheless, the dam brought extensive social, political, and environmental upheaval to the region. The population soared, cost of living skyrocketed, violence spiked, pollution increased, and already overextended education and healthcare systems were strained. Nearly 40,000 people were displaced and ecosystems were significantly disrupted. Klein tells the stories of dam-affected communities, including activists, social movements, non-governmental organizations, and public defenders and public prosecutors. He details how these groups, as well as government officials and representatives from private companies, negotiated the upheaval through protests, participating in public forums for deliberation, using legal mechanisms to push for protections for the most vulnerable, and engaging in myriad other civic spaces. Flooded provides a rich ethnographic account of democracy and development in the making. In the midst of today's climate crisis, this book showcases the challenges and opportunities of meeting increasing demands for energy in equitable ways.

This study aims to relate the recent trajectory of Brazilian environmental policies with the last 20 years deforestation rates observed in the Cerrado through the PRODES-Cerrado monitoring initiative. The main hypothesis is that the improvement of environmental legislation in Brazil, mainly during the period between 2005 and 2012, influenced the decrease in deforestation rates. In addition, policies to control environmental compliance, such as the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) also influenced the reduction of deforestation. In the early 2000s, there was a significant increase in public environmental policies and implementation of an environmental management structure with the creation of conservation, protection, and management agency for conservation units (ICMBio), the Brazilian Forest Service for the management of public forests and Rural Environment Registry (CAR). Comparing the annual deforestation rate, it was observed that between 2000 and 2005, when 12.60% of the Cerrado was deforested, the annual deforestation average rate was 2.52%. Between 2006 and 2012, the period that precedes the revision of the Forest Code, the total deforestation is equivalent to 7.98%, which results in an annual average rate of 1.33%. After the enactment of the new Forest Code, between 2013 and 2020, there was a deforestation of 7.03% of the Cerrado area, which is equivalent to a deforestation annual average rate of 1.00%. One of the positive aspects of the new legislation was the creation of CAR, which obliges rural landowners to make an environmental attributes declaration of their property, this program being the main environmental management tool created in Brazil recently. After CAR regulation in 2014, there was a decrease in deforestation from 10,904 km2 to 7905 km2 in 2020. On the other hand, since 2016, changes occurred in the political scenario that increased agribusiness influence and the rise of a more conservative agenda, which jeopardizes the future of environmental quality in Brazil (illustrated, for example, by the increased release of pesticides from 104 in 2010 to 493 in 2020). As the main conclusion of this research, we showed that the state’s commitment to environmental management can contribute to deforestation reduction. The regulation of programs such as CAR can also contribute to the reduction of deforestation since it is one more tool for monitoring and ensure compliance of environmental regularization and recovery vegetation programs. At the same time, is necessary to keep on monitoring deforestation once the influence of the agricultural lobby has gained strength.

The Amazon forest has been converted to a matrix of pristine and modified habitats. Landscape-scale biodiversity conservation requires an understanding of species' distributions over this matrix to guarantee both effective protection and use for present and future generations. In this study, we evaluated how much of the existing and future planned protected areas (PAs) would be contributing to the conservation of Brazilian Amazon mammals (N = 399), including threatened species (N = 51). Currently, almost 37% of Brazilian Amazon is protected and that may increase to 46% if planned PAs are implemented. In the current PA system, 22% are indigenous land and 11% are sustainable use units, e.g., production forests. Only one-fifth of the whole range of mammal species occurring in Brazilian Amazon is actually protected by Brazilian PAs. However, considering only the part of the ranges within the Brazilian Amazon, and therefore under the scope of Brazilian actions, Brazilian PAs assume an important role in the protection of 39% of mammal distribution ranges, particularly the threatened species (39%). These results suggest that an integrated network of protected areas among Amazon countries would be necessary to increase their efficiency in mammal conservation. The need for strengthening of the forest sector and good management practices in Brazil appears critical for the maintenance of large extents of forest and species conservation. Under such a scenario, the contribution of developed nations and international agencies must assume an important role for the maintenance and enlargement of the protected area network in Amazon region. Figures. Adapted from the source document.

With the Brazilian military governments of the 1960s, systematic economic development of the Amazon began. Social and environmental concerns have entered Amazonian discourses and policies only since the 1990s. Since then, reports of threats to forests and indigenous people have alternated with reports of socio-economic progress and environmental achievements. These contradictions often arise from limited thematic, sectoral, temporal, or spatial perspectives, and lead to misinterpretation. Our paper offers a comprehensive picture of discourses, policies, and socio-environmental dynamics for the entire region over the last five decades. We distinguish eight historical policy phases, each of which had little effect on near-linear dynamics of demographic growth and land-use expansion, although some policies showed the potential to change the course of development. To prevent local, national, and international actors from continuing to assert harmful interests in the region, a coherent long-term commitment and change in the collective mindset are needed.

El Gobierno de extrema derecha de Bolsonaro, en Brasil, está aplicando una política ambiental que avanza en dos frentes relacionados: el desmantelamiento del sistema regulatorio tradicional de protección del medioambiente y el aumento de la financiarización de las cuestiones ambientales a la hora de determinar el objeto y las prácticas de conservación del medioambiente. Estas políticas contribuyen a afirmar que los activistas ambientales operan ilegítimamente en un espacio que debe ser despolitizado y dejado en manos de «expertos financieros y de conservación». La redefinición del sistema normativo brasileño para facilitar la entrada de la financia-cion verde y la emision de bonos verdes tiene importantes repercusiones politicas y ambientales que deben ser motivo de preocupacion mas alla de las fronteras del pais. Esta redefinicion expresa la forma en que el Gobierno de extrema derecha brasileno esta ligando el discurso ambiental con los objetivos politicos neoliberales y autoritarios, algo que otros Gobiernos de extrema derecha tambien pueden perseguir. The far-right government of Bolsonaro in Brazil is pursuing an environmental policy that moves forward in two related fronts: the dismantling of the traditional regulatory system for environmental protection; and the increase of the financialization of environmental issues in determining the object and practices of environmental conservation. These policies contribute to the understanding that environmental activists illegitimately operate in a space that shall be otherwise de-politicized and left to «financial and conservation experts». The redefinition of the Brazilian regulatory system to facilitate the entry of green finance and the issuance of green bonds has significant political and environmental implications that shall be of concern beyond the boundaries of the country. This redefinition expresses the way the Brazilian far-right government is coupling environmental discourse with neoliberal and authoritarian political goals, something that other far-right governments can pursue as well.

The possible courses of action for preserving the Amazonian forest are discussed. The shielded development of biotechnology, one form of preservation of Amazonia, by a wall of patents threatens the future of the region.

\"For the first time, the Brazilian public has joined the ecological campaign to save the rainforest...Brazilian public opinion, which is now in tune with what many international bodies and organizations have been advocating for years, has switched as a result of the economic disaster of unregulated logging.\" (UNESCO COURIER) This article examines public involvement in efforts to preserve biodiversity and forest habitat in the Amazon.

Due to the ecological impacts of fossil energy, renewable energy has become crucial for inclusion in the energy supply to realize a sustainable environment, enhance public welfare, and combat global climate change. However, the transition to renewable energy and eco-sustainability is hampered by certain factors, such as uncertainties in economic policies and corruption. To this end, this study delves into the effects of renewable energy, policy uncertainty, and corruption on CO 2 emissions for a panel comprising Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRICS-1) regulating the environment Kuznets growth curve (EKGC) hypothesis for a period 1990–2020. The unique panel cross-sectional augmented ARDL (CS-ARDL) approach was used in the study, which addresses the constraints of standard procedures by integrating cross-sectional dependence heterogeneity and endogeneity. The findings demonstrated that renewable energy consumption and corruption control contribute to long-term emissions reductions; however, policy uncertainty threatens environmental sustainability. In addition, BRICS-1 nations can benefit from the EKGC theory. The study offers significant ramifications for reducing pollution and suggests that policymakers establish sustainable measures to reduce policy uncertainties, control corruption, and enact environmental regulations that foster a safer environment for all citizens.