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"Environmental risk assessment -- United States"
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The ethics of precaution : uncertain environmental health threats and duties of due care
\"There are thousands of substances manufactured in the U.S., to which the public is routinely exposed and for which toxicity data is limited or absent. Some insist that uncertainty about the severity of potential harm justifies implementing precautionary regulations, while others claim that uncertainty justifies the absence of regulations until sufficient evidence confirms a strong probability of severe harm. In this book, Levente Szentkirâalyi overcomes this impasse in his defense of precautionary environmental risk regulation by shifting the focus from how to manage uncertainty to what it is we owe each other morally. He argues that actions that create uncertain threats wrongfully gamble with the welfare of those who are exposed, and neglect the reciprocity that our equal moral standing demands. If we take the moral equality and rights of others seriously, we have a duty to exercise due care to strive to prevent putting them in possible harm's way. The Ethics of Precaution will be of great interest to researchers, educators, advanced students, and practitioners working in the fields of environmental political theory, ethics of risk, and environmental policy\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Science and Decisions
Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis.
However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment.
Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
eBook
Facing catastrophe : environmental action for a post-Katrina world
In this contribution to environmental law, the author argues for a new perspective on disaster law that is based on the principles of environmental protection. His prescription boils down to three simple commands: 'Go Green', 'Be Fair', and 'Keep Safe'.
Book
Worst things first?: the debate over risk-based national environmental priorities
Summary of closing panel discussion / Adam M. Finkel, Dominic Golding -- Recurring themes and points of contention / Adam M. Finkel, Dominic Golding --Afterthoughts / Adam M. Finkel. Should we-and can we-reduce the worst risks first? / Adam M. Finkel -- Rationalism and redemocratization: time for a truce / Alice M. Rivlin -- EPA's vision for setting national environmental priorities / F. Henry Habicht II --An overview of risk-based priority setting at EPA / Charles W. Kent, Frederick W. Allen -- Integrating science, values, and democracy through comparative risk asessment / Jonathan Lash -- A proposal to address, rather than rank, environmental problems / Mary O'Brien. Current priority-setting methodology: too little rationality or too much? / Dale Hattis, Robert L. Goble --Quantitative risk ranking: more promise than the critics suggest / M. Granger Morgan -- Paradigms, process, and politics: risk and regulatory design / Donald T. Hornstein -- Is reducing risk the real objective of risk management? / Richard B. Belzer - State concerns in setting environmental priorities: is the risk-based paradigm the best we can do? / Victoria J. Tschinkel -- The states: the national laboratory for the risk-based paradigm? / G. Tracy Mehan III. Working group discussions / Adam M. Finkel, Dominic Golding -- Pollution prevention: putting comparative risk assessment in its place / Barry Commoner -- Hammers don't cut wood: why we need pollution prevention and comparative risk assessment / John D. Graham -- Unequal environmental protection: incorporating environmental justice in decision making / Robert D. Bullard -- Risk-based priorities and environmental justice / Albert L. Nichols -- An innovation-based strategy for the environment / Nicholas A. Ashford -- Promoting innovation \"the easy way\" / James D. Wilson
eBook
Linking science and technology to society's environmental goals
Where should the United States focus its long-term efforts to improve the nation's environment? What are the nation's most important environmental issues? What role should science and technology play in addressing these issues? Linking Science and Technology to Society's Environmental Goals provides the current thinking and answers to these questions.
Based on input from a range of experts and interested individuals, including representatives of industry, government, academia, environmental organizations, and Native American communities, this book urges policymakers to:
Use social science and risk assessment to guide decision-making.
Monitor environmental changes in a more thorough, consistent, and coordinated manner.
Reduce the adverse impact of chemicals on the environment.
Move away from the use of fossil fuels.
Adopt an environmental approach to engineering that reduces the use of natural resources.
Substantially increase our understanding of the relationship between population and consumption.
This book will be of special interest to policymakers in government and industry; environmental scientists, engineers, and advocates; and faculty, students, and researchers.
eBook
New York's Nanotechnology Model
New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy is the summary of a 2013 symposium convened by the National Research Council Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy and members of the Nano Consortium that drew state officials and staff, business leaders, and leading national figures in early-stage finance, technology, engineering, education, and state and federal policies to review challenges, plans, and opportunities for innovation-led growth in New York. The symposium participants assessed New York's academic, industrial, and human resources, identified key policy issues, and engaged in a discussion of how the state might leverage regional development organizations, state initiatives, and national programs focused on manufacturing and innovation to support its economic development goals. This report highlights the accomplishments and growth of the innovation ecosystem in New York, while also identifying needs, challenges, and opportunities. New York's Nanotechnology Model reviews the development of the Albany nanotech cluster and its usefulness as a model for innovation-based growth, while also discussing the New York innovation ecosystem more broadly.
eBook
Models in environmental regulatory decision making
Many regulations issued by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are based on the results of computer models.Models help EPA explain environmental phenomena in settings where direct observations are limited or unavailable, and anticipate the effects of agency policies on the environment, human health and the economy.
eBook
Improving Health in the United States
Factoring health and related costs into decision making is essential to confronting the nation's health problems and enhancing public well-being. Some policies and programs historically not recognized as relating to health are believed or known to have important health consequences. For example, public health has been linked to an array of policies that determine the quality and location of housing, availability of public transportation, land use and street connectivity, agricultural practices and the availability of various types of food, and development and location of businesses and industry.
Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment offers guidance to officials in the public and private sectors on conducting HIAs to evaluate public health consequences of proposed decisions-such as those to build a major roadway, plan a city's growth, or develop national agricultural policies-and suggests actions that could minimize adverse health impacts and optimize beneficial ones.
Several approaches could be used to incorporate aspects of health into decision making, but HIA holds particular promise because of its applicability to a broad array of programs, consideration of both adverse and beneficial health effects, ability to consider and incorporate various types of evidence, and engagement of communities and stakeholders in a deliberative process. The report notes that HIA should not be assumed to be the best approach to every health policy question but rather should be seen as part of a spectrum of public health and policy-oriented approaches.
The report presents a six-step framework for conducting HIA of proposed policies, programs, plans, and projects at federal, state, tribal, and local levels, including within the private sector. In addition, the report identifies several challenges to the successful use of HIA, such as balancing the need to provide timely information with the realities of varying data quality, producing quantitative estimates of health effects, and engaging stakeholders.
eBook
Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process
The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is a program within the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that is responsible for developing toxicologic assessments of environmental contaminants.An IRIS assessment contains hazard identifications and dose-response assessments of various chemicals related to cancer and noncancer outcomes.
eBook