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"Environmental science, engineering "
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Toward an Operational Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity
Under the Paris Agreement (PA), progress of emission reduction efforts is tracked on the basis of regular updates to national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, referred to as bottom-up estimates. However, only top-down atmospheric measurements can provide observation-based evidence of emission trends. Today, there is no internationally agreed, operational capacity to monitor anthropogenic GHG emission trends using atmospheric measurements to complement national bottom-up inventories. The European Commission (EC), the European Space Agency, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and international experts are joining forces to develop such an operational capacity for monitoring anthropogenic CO₂ emissions as a new CO₂ service under the EC’s Copernicus program. Design studies have been used to translate identified needs into defined requirements and functionalities of this anthropogenic CO₂ emissions Monitoring and Verification Support (CO₂MVS) capacity. It adopts a holistic view and includes components such as atmospheric spaceborne and in situ measurements, bottom-up CO₂ emission maps, improved modeling of the carbon cycle, an operational data-assimilation system integrating top-down and bottom-up information, and a policy-relevant decision support tool. The CO₂MVS capacity with operational capabilities by 2026 is expected to visualize regular updates of global CO₂ emissions, likely at 0.05° × 0.05°. This will complement the PA’s enhanced transparency framework, providing actionable information on anthropogenic CO₂ emissions that are the main driver of climate change. This information will be available to all stakeholders, including governments and citizens, allowing them to reflect on trends and effectiveness of reduction measures. The new EC gave the green light to pass the CO₂MVS from exploratory to implementing phase.
Journal Article
Environmental contamination : health risks and ecological restoration
\"Drawn from presentations made during the Croucher Advanced Study Institute workshop held in 2010, this volume covers all the fundamentals necessary for contaminated site assessment and remediation. It discusses historical and emerging contaminants, human health, risk assessment and bioremediation. It contains numerous case studies, many of them from the Asia-Pacific region, that look at the effects of rapid industrialization. It also examines both historical and emerging contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants and electronic waste\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Fast and Reliable Identification of Ammonia Phylotypes T1, T2 and T6 Using a Stereomicroscope: Implication for Large-Scale Ecological Surveys and Monitoring Programs
Among benthic foraminifera, the genus Ammonia is characterized by high morphological variability which makes it particularly challenging to recognize using traditional morphology-based taxonomy. Despite the joint efforts made by both molecular and morphological taxonomists, it is still hard to identify different phylotypes based on their morphology. A new method was developed recently to discriminate three NE Atlantic phylotypes of Ammonia (T1, T2, and T6). This method is based on two morphometrical parameters using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (i.e., the average pore diameter and the elevation of sutures on the spiral side), resulting individuals being correctly assigned to their phylotype in more than 90% of cases. In this study, we assess the possibility of implementing these criteria using a stereomicroscope. Phylotype assignations by SEM and stereomicroscopic identifications are in accordance for 62.6% of the scrutinized foraminifera and increase up to 79.5% when only the phylotype T6 is considered. Though the stereomicroscopic identification of Ammonia phylotypes based on these two morphological parameters needs to be cross-validated using molecular tools, this approach noticeably allows the identification of an individual 3 to 7 times faster than using a SEM. The ratio between accuracy and efficiency, an issue that is also attributable to the use of the rose Bengal staining method, suggests prioritizing the use of stereomicroscope identifications in large foraminiferal surveys. Finally, in the context that Ammonia phylotype T6 potentially being an alien species in Europe, this method will help to quickly identify Ammonia phylotypes; hence contributing to monitor the presence of T6 in different regions and then, offering interesting research perspectives to assess the timing and/or the progression of the possible invasion.
Journal Article
From landfill gas to energy : technologies and challenges
\"A comprehensive description of technologies available for converting old landfills to energy producers, and capturing the green house gases emitting from them. Its key assets are the case studies of successful landfill gas (LFG) recovery for energy projects around the world, and that it highlights why this has not been done in many more landfills around the world. Technical, financial, and social challenges facing the conversion of landfills to energy producers will be detailed, and solutions offered to either remine the landfill for recovering useful land (as is planned in dense urban areas of India) or close them properly while recovering the methane for energy use. Intended as a guide with background information and instructive tools to educate, guide and establish a basis for decision-making, technical feasibility assessment, economic assessment, and market evaluation of all aspects necessary for developing successful LFG management projects. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Integrated Effects of Land Use and Topography on Streamflow Response to Precipitation in an Agriculture-Forest Dominated Northern Watershed
Based on statistical analysis, baseflow separation and wavelet analysis, this research was carried out in Shibetsu River Watershed (SRW), Eastern Hokkaido, Japan, to investigate the integrated effects of land use and topography on streamflow response to precipitation. The agriculture-dominated sub-watershed (AW) showed coupled flat topography/agriculture characteristics, the forest-dominated sub-watershed (FW) had coupled steep topography/forest characteristics, and the mixed agriculture-forested sub-watershed (AFW) had mixed flat topography/agriculture and steep topography/forest characteristics. Precipitation variability is characterized by 6-months and 1-year periods. Coupled forest land/steep topography of the FW can increase surface runoff due to forest surface soil water repellency and steep slope, and might receive more external water and higher precipitation that resulted in the highest baseflow and total streamflow compared with other sub-watersheds. Coupled forest land/steep topography can cause higher monthly streamflow variability than coupled agricultural land/flat topography. The FW streamflow is characterized by 3–4 months, 6 months, and 1-year periods. The AW streamflow is only characterized by 3–4 months and 6 months periods. Coupled agricultural land/flat topography produced similar magnitude of baseflow during snowmelt season (March–May) and rainfall season (July–September), which resulted in the losing of annual periodicity in AW streamflow. The coupled forest land/steep topography can increase synchronicity in precipitation and streamflow at annual and monthly scales than coupled agricultural land/flat topography, except in 2007 under wet antecedent conditions when pasture land has lower rainfall interception and lower surface soil infiltration capacity. The coupled forest land/steep topography can increase time lags between precipitation and streamflow compared to coupled agricultural land/flat topography.
Journal Article
Manual on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation for Practitioners
\"The Manual highlights the human rights principles and criteria in relation to drinking water and sanitation. It explains the international legal obligations in terms of operational policies and practice that will support the progressive realisation of universal access. The Manual introduces a human rights perspective that will add value to informed decision making in the daily routine of operators, managers and regulators. It also encourages its readership to engage actively in national dialogues where the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation are translated into national and local policies, laws and regulations. Creating such an enabling environment is, in fact, only the first step in the process towards progressive realisation. Allocation of roles and responsibilities is the next step, in an updated institutional and operational set up that helps apply a human rights lens to the process of reviewing and revising the essential functions of operators, service providers and regulators.\"
eBook
Environmental remote sensing and systems analysis
\"Preface: In the last few decades, rapid urbanization and industrialization have altered the priority of environmental protection and restoration of air, soil, and water quality many times. Yet it is recognized that the sustainable management of human society is necessary at all phases of impact from the interactions between energy, environment, ecology, public health, and socioeconomic paradigms. The multidisciplinary nature of this concern for sustainability is truly a challenging task that requires employing a systems analysis approach. Such a systems analysis approach links several disciplinary areas with each other to promote the concept of sustainable management. Just as a sophisticated piece of music involves many different instruments played in unison, systems analysis requires a holistic viewpoint and a plethora of tools in sensing, monitoring, and modeling that have to be woven together to explore the state and function of air, water, and land resources at all levels. With the aid of systems analysis, this comprehensive collection includes a variety of research work that results from years of experience and that reflects the contemporary advances of remote sensing technologies. This unique publication presents and applies the most recent synergy of remote sensing technologies that will advance the overall understanding of the sensitivity of key environmental quality issues in relation to human perturbations. These perturbations can be caused by collective or individual impacts of economic development and globalization, population growth and migration, and climate change on atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic environmental systems\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Natural Water Treatment Systems for Safe and Sustainable Water Supply in the Indian Context
Based on the work from the Saph Pani project (Hindi word meaning potable water), this book aims to study and improve natural water treatment systems, such as River Bank Filtration (RBF), Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), and wetlands in India, building local and European expertise in this field.
eBook